Эффект теломер: революционный подход к более молодой, здоровой и долгой жизни Блэкберн Элизабет

Введение. Повесть о двух теломерах

4. Bray, G. A. “From Farm to Fat Cell: Why Aren’t We All Fat?” Metabolism 64, no. 3 (March 2015): 349–353, doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.09.012, Epub 2014 Oct 22, PMID: 25554523, p. 350.

5. Christensen, K., G. Doblhammer, R. Rau, and J. W. Vaupel, “Ageing Populations: The Challenges Ahead,” Lancet 374, no. 9696 (October 3, 2009): 1196–1208, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736 (09) 61460–4.

6. United Kingdom, Office for National Statistics, “One Third of Babies Born in 2013 Are Expected to Live to 100,” December 11, 2013, The National Archive, http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/lifetables/historic-and-projected-data-from-the-period-and-cohort-life-tables/2012-based/sty-babies-living-to-100.html, accessed November 30, 2015.

7. Bateson, M., “Cumulative Stress in Research Animals: Telomere Attrition as a Biomarker in a Welfare Context?” BioEssays 38, no. 2 (February 2016): 201–212, doi:10.1002/bies.201500127.

8. Epel, E., E. Puterman, J. Lin, E. Blackburn, A. Lazaro, and W. Mendes, “Wandering Minds and Aging Cells,” Clinical Psychological Science 1, no. 1 (January 2013): 75–83, doi:10.1177/2167702612460234.

9. Carlson, L. E., et al., “Mindfulness-Based Cancer Recovery and Supportive-Expressive Therapy Maintain Telomere Length Relative to Controls in Distressed Breast Cancer Survivors.” Cancer 121, no. 3 (February 1, 2015): 476–484, doi:10.1002/cncr.29063.

Глава 1. Почему из-за преждевременного старения клеток мы выглядим и чувствуем себя старыми

1. Epel, E. S., and G. J. Lithgow, “Stress Biology and Aging Mechanisms: Toward Understanding the Deep Connection Between Adaptation to Stress and Longevity,” Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 69 Suppl. 1 (June 2014): S10–16, doi:10.1093/gerona/glu055.

2. Baker, D. J., et al., “Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive Senescent Cells Delays Ageing-Associated Disorders,” Nature 479, no. 7372 (November 2, 2011): 232–236, doi:10.1038/nature10600.

3. Krunic, D., et al., “Tissue Context-Activated Telomerase in Human Epidermis Correlates with Little Age-Dependent Telomere Loss,” Bio-chimica et Biophysica Acta 1792, no. 4 (April 2009): 297–308, doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.02.005.

4. Rinnerthaler, M., M. K. Streubel, J. Bischof, and K. Richter, “Skin Aging, Gene Expression and Calcium,” Experimental Gerontology 68 (August 2015): 59–65, doi:10.1016/j.exger.2014.09.015.

5. Dekker, P., et al., “Stress-Induced Responses of Human Skin Fibroblasts in Vitro Reflect Human Longevity,” Aging Cell 8, no. 5 (September 2009): 595–603, doi:10.1111/j.1474–9726.2009.00506.x; and Dekker, P., et al., “Relation between Maximum Replicative Capacity and Oxidative Stress-Induced Responses in Human Skin Fibroblasts in Vitro,” Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 66, no. 1 (January 2011): 45–50, doi:10.1093/gerona/glq159.

6. Gilchrest, B. A., M. S. Eller, and M. Yaar, “Telomere-Mediated Effects on Melanogenesis and Skin Aging,” Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings 14, no. 1 (August 2009): 25–31, doi:10.1038/jidsymp.2009.9.

7. Kassem, M., and P. J. Marie, “Senescence-Associated Intrinsic Mechanisms of Osteoblast Dysfunctions,” Aging Cell 10, no. 2 (April 2011): 191–197, doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00669.x.

8. Brennan, T. A., et al., “Mouse Models of Telomere Dysfunction Phenocopy Skeletal Changes Found in Human Age-Related Osteoporosis,” Disease Models and Mechanisms 7, no. 5 (May 2014): 583–592, doi:10.1242/dmm.014928.

9. Inomata, K., et al., “Genotoxic Stress Abrogates Renewal of Melanocyte Stem Cells by Triggering Their Differentiation,” Cell 137, no. 6 (June 12, 2009): 1088–1099, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.037.

10. Jaskelioff, M., et al., “Telomerase Reactivation Reverses Tissue Degeneration in Aged Telomerase-Deficient Mice,” Nature 469, no. 7328 (January 6, 2011): 102–106, doi:10.1038/nature09603.

11. Panhard, S., I. Lozano, and G. Loussouam, “Greying of the Human Hair: A Worldwide Survey, Revisiting the ‘50’ Rule of Thumb,” British Journal of Dermatology 167, no. 4 (October 2012): 865–873, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11095.x.

12. Christensen, K., et al., “Perceived Age as Clinically Useful Biomarker of Ageing: Cohort Study,” BMJ 339 (December 2009): b5262.

13. Noordam, R., et al., “Cortisol Serum Levels in Familial Longevity and Perceived Age: The Leiden Longevity Study,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 37, no. 10 (October 2012): 1669–1675; Noordam, R., et al., “High Serum Glucose Levels Are Associated with a Higher Perceived Age,” Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 35, no. 1 (February 2013): 189–195, doi:10.1007/s11357-011-9339-9; and Kido, M., et al., “Perceived Age of Facial Features Is a Significant Diagnosis Criterion for Age-Related Carotid Atherosclerosis in Japanese Subjects: J-SHIPP Study,” Geriatrics and Gerontology International 12, no. 4 (October 2012): 733–740, doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00824.x.

14. Codd, V., et al., “Identification of Seven Loci Affecting Mean Telomere Length and Their Association with Disease,” Nature Genetics 45, no. 4 (April 2013): 422–427, doi:10.1038/ng.2528.

15. Haycock, P. C., et al., “Leucocyte Telomere Length and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” BMJ 349 (July 8, 2014): g4227, doi:10.1136/bmj.g4227.

16. Yaffe, K., et al., “Telomere Length and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Elders: Findings from the Health ABC Study,” Neurobiology of Aging 32, no. 11 (November 2011): 2055–2060, doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.12.006.

17. Cohen-Manheim, I., et al., “Increased Attrition of Leukocyte Telomere Length in Young Adults Is Associated with Poorer Cognitive Function in Midlife,” European Journal of Epidemiology 31, no. 2 (February 2016), doi:10.1007/s10654-015-0051-4.

18. King, K. S., et al., “Effect of Leukocyte Telomere Length on Total and Regional Brain Volumes in a Large Population-Based Cohort,” JAMA Neurology 71, no. 10 (October 2014): 1247–1254, doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1926.

19. Honig, L. S., et al., “Shorter Telomeres Are Associated with Mortality in Those with APOE Epsilon4 and Dementia,” Annals of Neurology 60, no. 2 (August 2006): 181–187, doi:10.1002/ana.20894.

20. Zhan, Y., et al., “Telomere Length Shortening and Alzheimer Disease – A Mendelian Randomization Study,” JAMA Neurology 72, no. 10 (October 2015): 1202–1203, doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.1513.

21. If you would like, you can contribute to studies on brain aging and disease without having to get your brain scanned, or even show up in person. Dr. Mike Weiner, a noted researcher at UCSF who leads the largest cohort study of Alzheimer’s disease worldwide, developed the online Brain Health Registry to help speed up recruitment for clinical trials and research studies. By joining the Brain Health Registry you answer questionnaires and take online cognitive tests. We are helping him study the effects of stress on brain aging. You can find the registry at http://www.brainhealthregistry.org/

22. Ward, R. A., “How Old Am I? Perceived Age in Middle and Later Life,” International Journal of Aging and Human Development 71, no. 3 (2010): 167–184.

23. Ibid.

24. Levy, B., “Stereotype Embodiment: A Psychosocial Approach to Aging,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 18, vol. 6 (December 1, 2009): 332–336.

25. Levy, B. R., et al., “Association Between Positive Age Stereotypes and Recovery from Disability in Older Persons,” JAMA 308, no. 19 (November 21, 2012): 1972–1973, doi:10.1001/jama.2012.14541; Levy, B. R., A. B. Zonderman, M. D. Slade, and L. Ferrucci, “Age Stereotypes Held Earlier in Life Predict Cardiovascular Events in Later Life,” Psychological Science 20, no. 3 (March 2009): 296–298, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02298.x.

26. Haslam, C., et al., “ ‘When the Age Is In, the Wit Is Out’: Age-Related Self-Categorization and Deficit Expectations Reduce Performance on Clinical Tests Used in Dementia Assessment,” Psychology and Aging 27, no. 3 (April 2012): 778784, doi:10.1037/a0027754.

27. Levy, B. R., S. V. Kasl, and T. M. Gill, “Image of Aging Scale,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 99, no. 1 (August 2004): 208–210.

28. Ersner-Hershfield, H., J. A. Mikels, S. J. Sullivan, and L. L. Carstensen, “Poignancy: Mixed Emotional Experience in the Face of Meaningful Endings,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94, no. 1 (January 2008): 158–167.

29. Hershfield, H. E., S. Scheibe, T. L. Sims, and L. L. Carstensen, “When Feeling Bad Can Be Good: Mixed Emotions Benefit Physical Health Across Adulthood,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 4, no.1 (January 2013): 54–61.

30. Levy, B. R., J. M. Hausdorff, R. Hencke, and J. Y. Wei, “Reducing Cardiovascular Stress with Positive Self-Stereotypes of Aging,” Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 55, no. 4 (July 2000): P205–213.

31. Levy, B. R., M. D. Slade, S. R. Kunkel, and S. V. Kasl, “Longevity Increased by Positive Self-Perceptions of Aging,” Journal of Personal and Social Psychology 83, no. 2 (August 2002): 261–270.

Глава 2. Сила длинных теломер

1. Lapham, K. et al., “Automated Assay of Telomere Length Measurement and Informatics for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort,” Genetics 200, no. 4 (August 2015): 1061–1072, doi:10.1534/genetics.115.178624.

2. Rode, L., B. G. Nordestgaard, and S. E. Bojesen, “Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Telomere Length and Mortality Among 64,637 Individuals from the General Population,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 107, no. 6 (May 2015): djv074, doi:10.1093/jnci/djv074.

3. Ibid

4. Lapham et al., “Automated Assay of Telomere Length Measurement and Informatics for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort.” (See #1 above)

5. Willeit, P., et al., “Leucocyte Telomere Length and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: New Prospective Cohort Study and Literature-Based Meta-analysis,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 11 (2014): e112483, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112483; D’Mello, M. J., et al., “Association Between Shortened Leukocyte Telomere Length and Cardiometabolic Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics 8, no. 1 (February 2015): 82–90, doi:10.1161/CIRCGENET-ICS.113.000485; Haycock, P. C., et al., “Leucocyte Telomere Length and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” BMJ 349 (2014): g4227, doi:10.1136/bmj.g4227; Zhang, C., et al., “The Association Between Telomere Length and Cancer Prognosis: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis,” PLOS ONE 10, no. 7 (2015): e0133174, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133174; and Adnot, S., et al., “Telomere Dysfunction and Cell Senescence in Chronic Lung Diseases: Therapeutic Potential,” Pharmacology & Therapeutics 153 (September 2015): 125–134, doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.06.007.

6. Njajou, O. T., et al., “Association Between Telomere Length, Specific Causes of Death, and Years of Healthy Life in Health, Aging, and Body Composition, a Population-Based Cohort Study,” Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 64, no. 8 (August 2009): 860–864, doi:10.1093/gerona/glp061.

Глава 3. Теломераза – фермент, восстанавливающий теломеры

1. Vulliamy, T., A. Marrone, F. Goldman, A. Dearlove, M. Bessler, P. J. Mason, and I. Dokal. “The RNA Component of Telomerase Is Mutated in Autosomal Dominant Dyskeratosis Congenita.” Nature 413, no. 6854 (September 27, 2001): 432–35. doi:10.1038/35096585.

2. Epel, Elissa S., Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Jue Lin, Firdaus S. Dhabhar, Nancy E. Adler, Jason D. Morrow, and Richard M. Cawthon. “Accel-erated Telomere Shortening in Response to Life Stress.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, no. 49 (December 7, 2004): 17312–15. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407162101.

Глава 4. Как стресс добирается до ваших клеток

1. Evercare by United Healthcare and the National Alliance for Caregiving, “Evercare Survey of the Economic Downtown and Its Impact on Family Caregiving” (March 2009), 1.

2. Epel, E. S., et al., “Cell Aging in Relation to Stress Arousal and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 31, no. 3 (April 2006): 277–287, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.08.011.

3. Gotlib, I. H., et al., “Telomere Length and Cortisol Reactivity in Children of Depressed Mothers,” Molecular Psychiatry 20, no. 5 (May 2015): 615–620, doi:10.1038/mp.2014.119.

4. Oliveira, B. S., et al., “Systematic Review of the Association between Chronic Social Stress and Telomere Length: A Life Course Perspective.” Ageing Research Reviews 26 (March 2016): 37–52, doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.12.006; and Price, L. H., et al., “Telomeres and Early-Life Stress: An Overview.” Biological Psychiatry 73, no. 1 (January 2013): 15–23, doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.025.

5. Mathur, M. B., et al., “Perceived Stress and Telomere Length: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Methodologic Considerations for Advancing the Field,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 54 (May 2016): 158–169, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.002.

6. O’Donovan, A. J., et al., “Stress Appraisals and Cellular Aging: A Key Role for Anticipatory Threat in the Relationship Between Psychological Stress and Telomere Length,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 26, no. 4 (May 2012): 573–579, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.01.007.

7. Ibid.

8. Jefferson, A. L., et al., “Cardiac Index Is Associated with Brain Aging: The Framingham Heart Study,” Circulation 122, no. 7 (August 17, 2010): 690–697, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.905091; and Jefferson, A. L., et al., “Low Cardiac Index Is Associated with Incident Dementia and Alzheimer Disease: The Framingham Heart Study,” Circulation 131, no. 15 (April 14, 2015): 1333–1339, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.012438.

9. Sarkar M., Fletcher D., Brown, D. J., “What doesn’t kill me…: Adversity-Related Experiences Are Vital in the Development of Superior Olympic Performance,” Journal of Science in Medicine and Sport (July 2015). 18 (4): 475–9. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2014.06.010.

10. Epel, E., et al., “Can Meditation Slow Rate of Cellular Aging? Cognitive Stress, Mindfulness, and Telomeres,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1172 (August 2009): 34–53, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04414.x.

11. McLaughlin, K. A., M. A. Sheridan, S. Alves, and W. B. Mendes, “Child Maltreatment and Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity: Identifying Dysregulated Stress Reactivity Patterns by Using the Biopsychosocial Model of Challenge and Threat,” Psychosomatic Medicine 76, no. 7 (September 2014): 538–546, doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000098.

12. O’Donovan et al., “Stress Appraisals and Cellular Aging: A Key Role for Anticipatory Threat in the Relationship Between Psychological Stress and Telomere Length.” (See #6 above.)

13. Barrett, L., How Emotions Are Made (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, in press).

14. Ibid.

15. Jamieson, J. P., W. B. Mendes, E. Blackstock, and T. Schmader, “Turning the Knots in Your Stomach into Bows: Reappraising Arousal Improves Performance on the GRE,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46, no. 1 (January 2010): 208–212.

16. Beltzer, M. L, M. K. Nock, B. J. Peters, and J. P. Jamieson, “Rethinking Butterflies: The Affective, Physiological, and Performance Effects of Reappraising Arousal During Social Evaluation,” Emotion 14, no. 4 (August 2014): 761–768, doi:10.1037/a0036326.

17. Waugh, C. E., S. Panage, W. B. Mendes, and I. H. Gotlib, “Cardiovascular and Affective Recovery from Anticipatory Threat,” Biological Psychology 84, no. 2 (May 2010): 169–175, doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.010; and Lutz, A., et al., “Altered Anterior Insula Activation During Anticipation and Experience of Painful Stimuli in Expert Meditators,” NeuroImage 64 (January 1, 2013): 538–546, doi:10.1016/j.neuroi.2012.09.030.

18. Herborn, K.A., et al., “Stress Exposure in Early Post-Natal Life Reduces Telomere Length: An Experimental Demonstration in a Long-Lived Seabird,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1782 (March 19, 2014): 20133151, doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.3151.

19. Aydinonat, D., et al., “Social Isolation Shortens Telomeres in African Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus),” PLOS ONE 9, no. 4 (2014): e93839, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093839.

20. Gouin, J. – P., L. Hantsoo, and J. K. Kiecolt-Glaser, “Immune Dysregulation and Chronic Stress Among Older Adults: A Review,” Neuroimmunomodulation 15, nos. 4–6 (2008): 251–259, doi:10.1159/000156468.

21. Cao, W., et al., “Premature Aging of T-Cells Is Associated with Faster HIV-1 Disease Progression,” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) 50, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 137–147, doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181926c28.

22. Cohen, S., et al., “Association Between Telomere Length and Experimentally Induced Upper Respiratory Viral Infection in Healthy Adults,” JAMA 309, no. 7 (February 20, 2013): 699–705, doi:10.1001/jama.2013.613.

23. Choi, J., S. R. Fauce, and R. B. Effros, “Reduced Telomerase Activity in Human T Lymphocytes Exposed to Cortisol,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 22, no. 4 (May 2008): 600–605, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.12.004.

24. Cohen, G. L., and D. K. Sherman, “The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention,” Annual Review of Psychology 65 (2014): 333–371, doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213–115137.

25. Miyake, A., et al., “Reducing the Gender Achievement Gap in College Science: A Classroom Study of Values Affirmation,” Science 330, no. 6008 (November 26, 2010): 1234–1237, doi:10.1126/science.1195996.

26. Dutcher, J. M., et al., “Self-Affirmation Activates the Ventral Striatum: A Possible Reward-Related Mechanism for Self-Affirmation,” Psychological Science 27, no. 4 (April 2016): 455–466, doi:10.1177/ 0956797615625989.

27. Kross, E., et al., “Self-Talk as a Regulatory Mechanism: How You Do It Matters,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 106, no. 2 (February 2014): 304–324, doi:10.1037/a0035173; and Bruehlman-Senecal, E., and O. Ayduk, “This Too Shall Pass: Temporal Distance and the Regulation of Emotional Distress,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 108, no. 2 (February 2015): 356–375, doi:10.1037/a0038324.

28. Lebois, L. A. M., et al., “A Shift in Perspective: Decentering Through Mindful Attention to Imagined Stressful Events,” Neuropsychologia 75 (August 2015): 505–524, doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.030.

29. Kross, E., et al., “ ‘Asking Why’ from a Distance: Its Cognitive and Emotional Consequences for People with Major Depressive Disorder,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 121, no. 3 (August 2012): 559–569, doi:10.1037/ a0028808.

Глава 5. Осторожно, теломеры: негативное мышление, гибкое мышление

1. Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Roseman, Type A Behavior and Your Heart (New York: Knopf, 1974).

2. Chida, Y., and A. Steptoe, “The Association of Anger and Hostility with Future Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-analytic Review of Prospective Evidence,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53, no. 11 (March 17, 2009): 936–946, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.11.044.

3. Miller, T. Q, et al., “A Meta-Analytic Review of Research on Hostility and Physical Health,” Psychological Bulletin 119, no. 2 (March 1996): 322–348.

4. Brydon, L., et al., “Hostility and Cellular Aging in Men from the Whitehall II Cohort,” Biological Psychiatry 71, no. 9 (May 2012): 767–773, doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.08.020.

5. Zalli, A., et al., “Shorter Telomeres with High Telomerase Activity Are Associated with Raised Allostatic Load and Impoverished Psychosocial Resources,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 12 (March 25, 2014): 4519–4524, doi:10.1073/pnas.1322145111.

6. Low, C. A., R. C. Thurston, and K. A. Matthews, “Psychosocial Factors in the Development of Heart Disease in Women: Current Research and Future Directions,” Psychosomatic Medicine 72, no. 9 (November 2010): 842–854, doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181f6934f.

7. O’Donovan, A., et al., “Pessimism Correlates with Leukocyte Telomere Shortness and Elevated Interleukin-6 in Post-menopausal Women,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 23, no. 4 (May 2009): 446–449, doi:10.1016/ j.bbi.2008.11.006.

8. Ikeda, A., et al., “Pessimistic Orientation in Relation to Telomere Length in Older Men: The VA Normative Aging Study,” Psychoneuroen-docrinology 42 (April 2014): 68–76, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.001; and Schutte, N. S., K. A. Suresh, and J. R. McFarlane, “The Relationship Between Optimism and Longer Telomeres,” 2016, under review.

9. Killingsworth, M. A., and D. T. Gilbert, “A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind,” Science 330, no. 6006 (November 12, 2010): 932, doi:10.1126/science.1192439.

10. Epel, E. S., et al., “Wandering Minds and Aging Cells,” Clinical Psychological Science 1, no. 1 (January 2013): 75–83.

11. Kabat-Zinn, J., Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life, (New York: Hyperion, 1995), p. 15.

12. Engert, V., J. Smallwood, and T. Singer, “Mind Your Thoughts: Associations Between Self-Generated Thoughts and Stress-Induced and Baseline Levels of Cortisol and Alpha-Amylase,” Biological Psychology 103 (December 2014): 283–291, doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.10.004.

13. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., “The Role of Rumination in Depressive Disorders and Mixed Anxiety/Depressive Symptoms,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109, no. 3 (August 2000): 504–511.

14. Lea Winerman, “Suppressing the ‘White Bears,’ ” Monitor on Psychology 42, no. 9 (October 2011): 44.

15. Alda, M., et al., “Zen Meditation, Length of Telomeres, and the Role of Experiential Avoidance and Compassion,” Mindfulness 7, no. 3 (June 2016): 651–659.

16. Querstret, D., and M. Cropley, “Assessing Treatments Used to Reduce Rumination and/or Worry: A Systematic Review,” Clinical Psychology Review 33, no. 8 (December 2013): 996–1009, doi:10.1016/j-.cpr.2013.08.004.

17. Wallace, B. Alan, The Attention Revolution: Unlocking the Power of the Focused Mind (Boston: Wisdom, 2006).

18. Saron, Clifford, “Training the Mind: The Shamatha Project,” in The Healing Power of Meditation: Leading Experts on Buddhism, Psychology, and Medicine Explore the Health Benefits of Contemplative Practice, ed. Andy Fraser (Boston: Shambhala, 2013), 45–65.

19. Sahdra, B. K., et al., “Enhanced Response Inhibition During Intensive Meditation Training Predicts Improvements in Self-Reported Adaptive Socioemotional Functioning,” Emotion 11, no. 2 (April 2011): 299–312, doi:10.1037/a0022764.

20. Schaefer, S. M., et al., “Purpose in Life Predicts Better Emotional Recovery from Negative Stimuli,” PLOS ONE 8, no. 11 (2013): e80329, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080329.

21. Kim, E. S., et al., “Purpose in Life and Reduced Incidence of Stroke in Older Adults: The Health and Retirement Study,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 74, no. 5 (May 2013): 427–432, doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.01.013.

22. Boylan, J.M., and C. D. Ryff, “Psychological Wellbeing and Metabolic Syndrome: Findings from the Midlife in the United States National Sample,” Psychosomatic Medicine 77, no. 5 (June 2015): 548–558, doi:10.1097/ PSY.0000000000000192.

23. Kim, E. S., V. J. Strecher, and C. D. Ryff, “Purpose in Life and Use of Preventive Health Care Services,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 46 (November 18, 2014): 16331–16336, doi:10.1073/pnas.1414826111.

24. Jacobs, T.L., et al., “Intensive Meditation Training, Immune Cell Telomerase Activity, and Psychological Mediators,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 36, no. 5 (June 2011): 664–681, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.010.

25. Varma, V. R., et al., “Experience Corps Baltimore: Exploring the Stressors and Rewards of High-Intensity Civic Engagement.” Gerontologist 55, no. 6 (December 2015): 1038–1049, doi:10.1093/geront/gnu011.

26. Gruenewald, T. L., et al., “The Baltimore Experience Corps Trial: Enhancing Generativity via Intergenerational Activity Engagement in Later Life,” Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, February 25, 2015, doi:10.1093/geronb/gbv005.

27. Carlson, M. C., et al., “Impact of the Baltimore Experience Corps Trial on Cortical and Hippocampal Volumes,” Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association 11, no. 11 (November 2015): 1340–1348, doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.12.005.

28. Sadahiro, R., et al., “Relationship Between Leukocyte Telomere Length and Personality Traits in Healthy Subjects,” European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists 30, no. 2 (February 2015): 291–295, doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.03.003.

29. Edmonds, G. W., H. C. Ct, and S. E. Hampson, “Childhood Conscientiousness and Leukocyte Telomere Length 40 Years Later in Adult Women – Preliminary Findings of a Prospective Association,” PLOS ONE 10, no. 7 (2015): e0134077, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134077.

30. Friedman, H. S., and M. L. Kern, “Personality, Wellbeing, and Health,” Annual Review of Psychology 65 (2014): 719–742.

31. Costa, D. de S., et al., “Telomere Length Is Highly Inherited and Associated with Hyperactivity-Impulsivity in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,” Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 8 (2015): 28, doi:10.3389/fnmol.2015.00028. Yim, O. – S., et al., “Delay Discounting, Genetic Sensitivity, and Leukocyte Telomere Length,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113, no. 10 (March 8, 2016): 2780–2785, doi:10.1073/pnas.1514351113.

32. Martin, L.R., H. S. Friedman, and J. E. Schwartz, “Personality and Mortality Risk Across the Life Span: The Importance of Conscientiousness as a Biopsychosocial Attribute,” Health Psychology26, no. 4 (July 2007): 428–436; and Costa, P. T., Jr., et al., “Personality Facets and All-Cause Mortality Among Medicare Patients Aged 66 to 102 Years: A Follow – On Study of Weiss and Costa (2005),” Psychosomatic Medicine 76, no. 5 (June 2014): 370–378, doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000070.

33. Shanahan, M. J., et al., “Conscientiousness, Health, and Aging: The Life Course of Personality Model,” Developmental Psychology 50, no. 5 (May 2014): 1407–1425, doi:10.1037/a0031130.

34. Raes, F., E. Pommier, K. D. Neff, and D. Van Gucht, “Construction and Factorial Validation of a Short Form of the Self-Compassion Scale,” Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 18, no. 3 (May – June 2011): 250–255, doi:10.1002/cpp.702.

35. Breines, J. G., et al., “Self-Compassionate Young Adults Show Lower Salivary Alpha-Amylase Responses to Repeated Psychosocial Stress,” Self Identity 14, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 390–402.

36. Finlay-Jones, A. L., C. S. Rees, and R. T. Kane, “Self-Compassion, Emotion Regulation and Stress Among Australian Psychologists: Testing an Emotion Regulation Model of Self-Compassion Using Structural Equation Modeling,” PLOS ONE 10, no. 7 (2015): e0133481, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133481.

37. Alda et al., “Zen Meditation, Length of Telomeres, and the Role of Experiential Avoidance and Compassion.” (See #15 above.)

38. Hoge, E. A., et al., “Loving-Kindness Meditation Practice Associated with Longer Telomeres in Women,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 32 (August 2013): 159–163, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.04.005.

39. Smeets, E., K. Neff, H. Alberts, and M. Peters, “Meeting Suffering With Kindness: Effects of a Brief Self-Compassion Intervention for Female College Students,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 70, no. 9 (September 2014): 794–807, doi:10.1002/jclp.22076; and Neff, K. D., and C. K. Germer, “A Pilot Study and Randomized Controlled Trial of the Mindful Self-Compassion Program,” Journal Of Clinical Psychology 69, no. 1 (January 2013): 28–44, doi:10.1002/jclp.21923.

40. This exercise is adapted from Dr. Neff’s website: http://self-compassion.org/exercise-2-self-compassion-break/. For more information on developing self compassion, see K. Neff, Self-Compassion: The Proven Power of Being Kind to Yourself (New York: HarperCollins, 2011).

41. Valenzuela, M. and P. Sachdev, “Can cognitive exercise prevent the onset of dementia? Systematic review of randomized clinical trials with longitudinal follow-up.” Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2009. 17 (3): p. 179–87.

Тест. Как ваш характер влияет на стрессовую реакцию?

42. Scheier, M. F., C. S. Carver, and M. W. Bridges, “Distinguishing Optimism from Neuroticism (and Trait Anxiety, Self-Mastery, and Self-Esteem): A Reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67, no. 6 (December 1994): 1063–1078.

43. Marshall, Grant N., et al. “Distinguishing optimism from pessimism: Relations to fundamental dimensions of mood and personality.” Journal of personality and social psychology 62.6 (1992): 1067.

44. O’Donovan et al., “Pessimism Correlates with Leukocyte Telomere Shortness and Elevated Interleukin-6 in Post-Menopausal Women” (See #7 above.); and Ikeda et al., “Pessimistic Orientation in Relation to Telomere Length in Older Men: The VA Normative Aging Study.” (See #8 above.)

45. Glaesmer, H., et al., “Psychometric Properties and Population-Based Norms of the Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT – R),” British Journal of Health Psychology 17, no. 2 (May 2012): 432–445, doi:10.1111/ j.2044–8287.2011.02046.x.

46. Eckhardt, Christopher, Bradley Norlander, and Jerry Deffenbacher. “The Assessment of Anger and Hostility: A Critical Review.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 9, no. 1 (January 2004): 17–43. doi:10.1016/ S1359–1789 (02) 00116–7.

47. Brydon et al., “Hostility and Cellular Aging in Men from the Whitehall II Cohort.” (See 4 above.)

48. Trapnell, P. D., and J. D. Campbell, “Private Self-Consciousness and the Five-Factor Model of Personality: Distinguishing Rumination from Reflection,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76, no. 2 (February 1999) 284–304.

49. Ibid; and Trapnell, P.D., “Rumination – Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ) Shortforms,” unpublished data, University of British Columbia (1997).

50. Ibid.

51. John, O. P., E.M. Donahue, and R. L. Kentle, R. L., The Big Five Inventory – Versions 4a and 54 (Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research, 1991). We thank Dr. Oliver John of UC Berkeley for permission to use this scale. John, O. P., and S. Srivastava, “The Big – Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Theoretical Perspectives,” in Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, ed. L. A. Pervin and O. P. John, 2nd ed. (New York: Guilford Press, 1999): 102–138.

52. Sadahiro, R., et al., “Relationship Between Leukocyte Telomere Length and Personality Traits in Healthy Subjects,” European Psychiatry 30, no. 2 (February 2015): 291–295, doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.03.003, pmid: 24768472.

53. Srivastava, S., et al., “Development of Personality in Early and Middle Adulthood: Set Like Plaster or Persistent Change?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84, no. 5 (May 2003): 1041–1053, doi:10.1037/0022–3514.84.5.1041.

54. Ryff, C. D., and C. L. Keyes, “The Structure of Psychological Wellbeing Revisited,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69, no. 4 (October 1995): 719–727.

55. Scheier, M. F., et al., “The Life Engagement Test: Assessing Purpose in Life,” Journal of Behavioral Medicine 29, no. 3 (June 2006): 291–298, doi:10.1007/s10865–005–9044–1.

56. Pearson, E. L., et al., “Normative Data and Longitudinal Invariance of the Life Engagement Test (LET) in a Community Sample of Older Adults,” Quality of Life Research 22, no. 2 (March 2013): 327–331, doi:10.1007/s11136–012–0146–2.

Глава 6. Когда белое становится черным: депрессия и тревожность

1. Whiteford, H. A., et al., “Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Mental and Substance Use Disorders: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010,” Lancet 382, no. 9904 (November 9, 2013): 1575–1586, doi:10.1016/S0140–6736 (13) 61611–6.

2. Verhoeven, J. E., et al., “Anxiety Disorders and Accelerated Cellular Ageing,” British Journal of Psychiatry 206, no. 5 (May 2015): 371–378.

3. Cai, N., et al., “Molecular Signatures of Major Depression,” Current Biology 25, no. 9 (May 4, 2015): 1146–1156, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.008.

4. Verhoeven, J. E., et al., “Major Depressive Disorder and Accelerated Cellular Aging: Results from a Large Psychiatric Cohort Study,” Molecular Psychiatry 19, no. 8 (August 2014): 895–901, doi:10.1038/mp. 2013.151.

5. Mamdani, F., et al., “Variable Telomere Length Across Post-Mortem Human Brain Regions and Specific Reduction in the Hippocampus of Major Depressive Disorder,” Translational Psychiatry 5 (September 15, 2015): e636, doi:10.1038/tp.2015.134.

6. Zhou, Q. G., et al., “Hippocampal Telomerase Is Involved in the Modulation of Depressive Behaviors,” Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 34 (August 24, 2011): 12258–12269, doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0805–11.2011.

7. Wolkowitz, O. M., et al., “PBMC Telomerase Activity, but Not Leukocyte Telomere Length, Correlates with Hippocampal Volume in Major Depression,” Psychiatry Research 232, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 58–64, doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.01.007.

8. Darrow, S. M. et al., “The Association between Psychiatric Disorders and Telomere Length: A Meta-analysis Involving 14,827 Persons,” Psychosomatic Medicine 78, no. 7 (September 2016): 776–87, doi:10.1097/ PSY.0000000000000356.

9. Cai et al., “Molecular Signatures of Major Depression.” (See #3 above.)

10. Verhoeven, J. E., et al., “The Association of Early and Recent Psychosocial Life Stress with Leukocyte Telomere Length,” Psychosomatic Medicine 77, no. 8 (October 2015): 882–891, doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000226.

11. Verhoeven, J. E., et al., “Major Depressive Disorder and Accelerated Cellular Aging: Results from a Large Psychiatric Cohort Study,” Molecular Psychiatry 19, no. 8 (August 2014): 895–901, doi:10.1038/mp.2013.151.

12. Ibid.

13. Cai et al., “Molecular Signatures of Major Depression.” (See #3 above.)

14. Eisendrath, S. J., et al., “A Preliminary Study: Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Versus Sertraline as First-Line Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder,” Mindfulness 6, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 475–482, doi:10.1007/s12671–014–0280–8; and Kuyken, W., et al., “The Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Compared with Maintenance Antidepressant Treatment in the Prevention of Depressive Relapse/Recurrence: Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial (the PREVENT Study),” Health Technology Assessment 19, no. 73 (September 2015): 1–124, doi:10.3310/hta19730.

15. Teasdale, J. D., et al., “Prevention of Relapse/Recurrence in Major Depression by Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68, no. 4 (August 2000): 615–623.

16. Teasdale, J., M. Williams, and Z. Segal, The Mindful Way Workbook: An 8-Week Program to Free Yourself from Depression and Emotional Distress (New York: Guilford Press, 2014).

17. Wolfson, W. & Epel, E. (2006). “Stress, post-traumatic growth, and leukocyte aging.” Poster presentation at the American Psychosomatic Society 64th Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, Abstract 1476.

18. Segal, Z., J. M. G. Williams, and J. Teasdale, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression, 2nd ed. (New York: Guilford Press, 2013): 74–75. (The Three minute breathing space is part of the MBCT program. Our breathing break is a modified version).

19. Bai, Z., et al., “Investigating the Effect of Transcendental Meditation on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Journal of Human Hypertension 29, no. 11 (November 2015): 653–662. doi:10.1038/ jhh.2015.6; and Cernes, R., and R. Zimlichman, “RESPeRATE: The Role of Paced Breathing in Hypertension Treatment.” Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 9, no. 1 (January 2015): 38–47, doi:10.1016/ j.jash.2014.10.002.

20. Morgan, N., M. R. Irwin, M. Chung, and C. Wang, “The Effects of Mind-Body Therapies on the Immune System: Meta-analysis,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 7 (2014): e100903, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100903.

21. Conklin, Q., et al., “Telomere Lengthening After Three Weeks of an Intensive Insight Meditation Retreat,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 61 (November 2015): 26–27, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.462.

22. Epel, E., et al. “Meditation and Vacation Effects Impact Disease-Associated Molecular Phenotypes,” Translational Psychiatry (August 2016): 6, e880, doi: 10.1038/tp.2016.164.

23. Kabat-Zinn, J., Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness, rev. ed. (New York: Bantam Books, 2013).

24. Lengacher, C. A., et al., “Influence of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on Telomerase Activity in Women with Breast Cancer (BC),” Biological Research for Nursing 16, no. 4 (October 2014): 438–447, doi:10.1177/1099800413519495.

25. Carlson, L. E., et al., “Mindfulness-Based Cancer Recovery and Supportive-Expressive Therapy Maintain Telomere Length Relative to Controls in Distressed Breast Cancer Survivors,” Cancer 121, no. 3 (February 1, 2015): 476–484, doi:10.1002/cncr.29063.

26. Black, D. S., et al., “Yogic Meditation Reverses NF– B and IRF-Related Transcriptome Dynamics in Leukocytes of Family Dementia Caregivers in a Randomized Controlled Trial,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 38, no. 3 (March 2013): 348–355, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.06.011.

27. Lavretsky, H., et al.,”A Pilot Study of Yogic Meditation for Family Dementia Caregivers with Depressive Symptoms: Effects on Mental Health, Cognition, and Telomerase Activity,” International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 28, no. 1 (January 2013): 57–65, doi:10.1002/gps.3790.

28. Desveaux, L., A. Lee, R, Goldstein, and D. Brooks, “Yoga in the Management of Chronic Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” Medical Care 53, no. 7 (July 2015): 653–661, doi:10.1097/ MLR.0000000000000372.

29. Hartley, L., et al., “Yoga for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5 (May 13, 2014): CD010072, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010072.pub2.

30. Lu, Y. – H., B. Rosner, G. Chang, and L. M. Fishman, “Twelve-Minute Daily Yoga Regimen Reverses Osteoporotic Bone Loss,” Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation 32, no. 2 (April 2016): 81–87.

31. Liu, X., et al., “A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effects of Qigong and Tai Chi for Depressive Symptoms,” Complementary Therapies in Medicine 23, no. 4 (August 2015): 516–534, doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2015.05.001.

32. Freire, M. D., and C. Alves, “Therapeutic Chinese Exercises (Qigong) in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review,” Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 7, no. 1 (March 2013): 56–59, doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2013.02.009.

33. Ho, R. T. H., et al., “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Qigong Exercise on Fatigue Symptoms, Functioning, and Telomerase Activity in Persons with Chronic Fatigue or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 44, no. 2 (October 2012): 160–170, doi:10.1007/s12160–012–9381–6.

34. Ornish D., et al., “Effect of Comprehensive Lifestyle Changes on Telomerase Activity and Telomere Length in Men with Biopsy-Proven Low-Risk Prostate Cancer: 5-Year Follow-Up of a Descriptive Pilot Study,” Lancet Oncology 14, no. 11 (October 2013): 1112–1120, doi: 10.1016/S1470–2045 (13) 70366–8.

Тест. Как поживают ваши теломеры?

Факторы риска и защиты

1. Ahola, K., et al., “Work-Related Exhaustion and Telomere Length: A Population-Based Study,” PLOS ONE 7, no. 7 (2012): e40186, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040186.

2. Damjanovic, A. K., et al., “Accelerated Telomere Erosion Is Associated with a Declining Immune Function of Caregivers of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients,” Journal of Immunology, 179 no. 6 (September 15, 2007): 4249–4254.

3. Geronimus, A. T., et al., “Race-Ethnicity, Poverty, Urban Stressors, and Telomere Length in a Detroit Community-Based Sample,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 56, no. 2 (June 2015): 199–224, doi:10.1177/0022146515582100.

4. Darrow, S. M. et al., “The Association between Psychiatric Disorders and Telomere Length: A Meta-analysis Involving 14,827 Persons,” Psychosomatic Medicine 78, no. 7 (September 2016): 776–87, doi:10.1097/ PSY.0000000000000356; and Lindqvist et al. “Psychiatric Disorders and Leukocyte Telomere Length: Underlying Mechanisms Linking Mental Illness with Cellular Aging,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 55 (August 2015): 333–64, doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.007.

5. Mitchell, P. H., et al., “A Short Social Support Measure for Patients Recovering from Myocardial Infarction: The ENRICHD Social Support Inventory,” Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 23, no. 6 (November – December 2003): 398–403.

6. Zalli, A., et al., “Shorter Telomeres with High Telomerase Activity are Associated with Raised Allostatic Load and Impoverished Psychosocial Resources,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 12 (March 25, 2014): 4519–4524, doi:10.1073/ pnas.1322145111; and Carroll, J. E., A. V. Diez Roux, A. L. Fitzpatrick, and T. Seeman, “Low Social Support Is Associated with Shorter Leukocyte Telomere Length in Late Life: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis,” Psychosomatic Medicine 75, no. 2 (February 2013); 171–177, doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31828233bf.

7. Carroll et al., “Low Social Support Is Associated with Shorter Leukocyte Telomere Length in Late Life: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.” See above.

8. Kiernan, M., et al., “The Stanford Leisure-Time Activity Categorical Item (L–Cat): A Single Categorical Item Sensitive to Physical Activity Changes in Overweight/Obese Women,” International Journal of Obesity (2005) 37, no. 12 (December 2013): 1597–1602, doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.36.

9. Puterman, E., et al., “The Power of Exercise: Buffering the Effect of Chronic Stress on Telomere Length,” PLOS ONE 5, no. 5 (2010): e10837, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010837; and Puterman, E., et al., “Determinants of Telomere Attrition over One Year in Healthy Older Women: Stress and Health Behaviors Matter,” Molecular Psychiatry 20, no. 4 (April 2015): 529–535, doi:10.1038/mp.2014.70.

10. Werner C, Hecksteden A, Zundler J, Boehm M, Meyer T, Laufs U. Differential effects of aerobic endurance, interval and strength endurance training on telomerase activity and senescence marker expression in circulating mononuclear cells. European Heart Journal (2015) 36 (Abstract Supplement), P2370. Manuscript in progress.

11. Buysse D. J., et al., “The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A New Instrument for Psychiatric Practice and Research,” Psychiatry Research 28, no. 2 (May 1989): 193–213.

12. Prather, A. A., et al., “Tired Telomeres: Poor Global Sleep Quality, Perceived Stress, and Telomere Length in Immune Cell Subsets in Obese Men and Women,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 47 (July 2015): 155–162, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.011.

13. Farzaneh-Far, R., et al., “Association of Marine Omega–3 Fatty Acid Levels with Telomeric Aging in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease,” JAMA 303, no. 3 (January 20, 2010): 250–257, doi:10.1001/ jama.2009.2008.

14. Lee, J. Y., et al., “Association Between Dietary Patterns in the Remote Past and Telomere Length,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69, no. 9 (September 2015): 1048–1052, doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.58.

15. Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., et al., “Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Oxidative Stress, and Leukocyte Telomere Length: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 28 (February 2013): 16–24, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.09.004.

16. Lee, “Association Between Dietary Patterns in the Remote Past and Telomere Length”; see above; Leung, C. W., et al., “Soda and Cell Aging: Associations Between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Leukocyte Telomere Length in Healthy Adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys,” American Journal of Public Health 104, no. 12 (December 2014): 2425–2431, doi:10.2105/ AJPH.2014.302151; and Leung, C., et al., “Sugary Beverage and Food Consumption and Leukocyte Telomere Length Maintenance in Pregnant Women,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (June 2016): doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.v93.

17. Nettleton, J. A., et al., “Dietary Patterns, Food Groups, and Telomere Length in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA),” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 88, no. 5 (November 2008): 1405–1412.

18. Valdes, A. M., et al., “Obesity, Cigarette Smoking, and Telomere Length in Women,” Lancet 366, no. 9486 (August 20–26, 2005): 662–664; and McGrath, M., et al., “Telomere Length, Cigarette Smoking, and Bladder Cancer Risk in Men and Women,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Prevention 16, no. 4 (April 2007):

815–819.

19. Kahl, V. F., et al., “Telomere Measurement in Individuals Occupationally Exposed to Pesticide Mixtures in Tobacco Fields,” Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 57, no. 1 (January 2016): 74–84, doi:10.1002/em.21984.

20. Pavanello, S., et al., “Shorter Telomere Length in Peripheral Blood Lym-phocytes of Workers Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” Carcinogenesis 31, no. 2 (February 2010): 216-221, doi:10.1093/carcin/ bgp278.

21. Hou, L., et al., “Air Pollution Exposure and Telomere Length in Highly Exposed Subjects in Beijing, China: A Repeated-Measure Study,” Environment International 48 (November 1, 2012); 71–77, doi:10.1016/ j.envint.2012.06.020; and Hoxha, M., et al., “Association Between Leukocyte Telomere Shortening and Exposure to Traffic Pollution: A Cross-Sectional Study on Traffic Officers and Indoor Office Workers,” Environmental Health 8 (September 21, 2009): 41, doi:10.1186/1476–069X-8–41.

22. Wu, Y., et al., “High Lead Exposure Is Associated with Telomere Length Shortening in Chinese Battery Manufacturing Plant Workers,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 69, no. 8 (August 2012): 557–563, doi:10.1136/oemed-2011–100478.

23. Pavanello et al., “Shorter Telomere Length in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Workers Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons” (See #20 above); and Bin, P., et al., “Association Between Telomere Length and Occupational Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure,” Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 44, no. 6 (June 2010): 535–538. (The article is in Chinese.)