280
SomeJoe7777, Tesla Model S forward collision warning saves the day, YouTube, 19 Oct. 2016, https://youtube.com/watch?v=SnRp56XjV_M.
281
В феврале 2018 года, когда я писала эти строки, “оборудование для полного автоматического управления” устанавливалось при желании покупателя за дополнительную плату, хотя программного обеспечения для полностью автономных поездок в настоящее время в машинах нет. На сайте Tesla говорится: “Когда именно будут реализованы все описанные выше технические возможности, точно сказать нельзя”. См. https://www.tesla.com/en_GB/blog/all-tesla-cars-being-produced-now-have-full-self-driving-hardware.
282
Jordan Golson and Dieter Bohn, All new Tesla cars now have hardware for “full self-driving capabilities”: but some safety features will be disabled initially, The Verge, 19 Oct. 2016, https://theverge.com/2016/10/19/13340938/tesla-autopilot-update-model-3-elon-musk-update.
283
Fred Lambert, Tesla introduces first phase of “Enhanced Autopilot”: “measured and cautious for next several hundred million miles” – release notes, Electrek, 1 Jan 2017, https://electrek.co/2017/01/01/tesla-enhanced-autopilot-release-notes/.
284
Так называемый “напарник автопилота” действительно существует, его можно приобрести по сходной цене 179 долларов. Надо отметить, что на сайте написано мелкими буковками: “Никогда не используйте это устройство на дорогах общего пользования”. https://www.autopilotbuddy.com/.
285
DPC Cars, Toyota Guardian and Chauffeur autonomous vehicle platform, YouTube, 27 Sept. 2017, https://youtube.com/watch?v=IMdceKGJ9Oc.
286
Brian Milligan, The most significant development since the safety belt, BBC News, 15 April 2018, http://bbc.co.uk/news/business-43752226.
287
Bob Taylor, Crimebuster: Inside the Minds of Britain’s Most Evil Criminals (London: Piatkus, 2002), ch. 9, A day out from jail.
288
Программа BBC, в которой показывают реконструкции нераскрытых преступлений с целью сбора информации в помощь полиции. (Прим. перев.).
289
Ibid.
290
Nick Davies, Dangerous, in prison – but free to rape, Guardian, 5 Oct. 1999, https://theguardian.com/uk/1999/oct/05/nickdavies1.
291
Joo Medeiros, How geographic profiling helps find serial criminals, Wired, Nov. 2014, http://wired.co.uk/article/mapping-murder.
292
Nicole H. Rafter, ed., The Origins of Criminology: A Reader (Abingdon: Routledge, 2009), p. 271.
293
Luke Dormehl, The Formula: How Algorithms Solve All Our Problems… and Create More (London: W. H. Allen, 2014), p. 117.
294
Dormehl, The Formula, p. 116.
295
D. Kim Rossmo, Geographic profiling, in Gerben Bruinsma and David Weisburd, eds, Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice (New York: Springer, 2014), https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007 %2F978–1-4614–5690-2_678.
296
Ibid.
297
Joo Medeiros, How geographic profiling helps find serial criminals.
298
Ibid.
299
“Sadistic” serial rapist sentenced to eight life terms, Independent (Ireland), 6 Oct. 1999, http://independent.ie/world-news/sadistic-serial-rapist-sentenced-to-eight-life-terms-26134260.html.
300
Ibid.
301
Steven C. Le Comber, D. Kim Rossmo, Ali N. Hassan, Douglas O. Fuller and John C. Beier, Geographic profiling as a novel spatial tool for targeting infectious disease control, International Jounal of Health Geographics, vol. 10, no.1, 2011, p. 35, https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3123167/.
302
Michelle V. Hauge, Mark D. Stevenson, D. Kim Rossmo and Steven C. Le Comber, Tagging Banksy: using geographic profiling to investigate a modern art mystery, Journal of Spatial Science, vol. 61, no. 1, 2016, pp. 185–190, http://tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14498596.2016.1138246.
303
Raymond Dussault, Jack Maple: betting on intelligence, Government Technology, 31 March 1999, http://govtech.com/featured/Jack-Maple-Betting-on-Intelligence.html.
304
Ibid.
305
Ibid.
306
Nicole Gelinas, How Bratton’s NYPD saved the subway system, New York Post, 6 Aug. 2016, http://nypost.com/2016/08/06/how-brattons-nypd-saved-the-subway-system/.
307
Dussault, Jack Maple: betting on intelligence.
308
Andrew Guthrie Ferguson, Predictive policing and reasonable suspicion, Emory Law Journal, vol. 62, no. 2, 2012, p. 259, http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-62/issue-2/articles/predicting-policing-and-reasonable-suspicion.html.
309
Lawrence W. Sherman, Patrick R. Gartin and Michael E. Buerger, Hot spots of predatory crime: routine activities and the criminology of place, Criminology, vol. 27, no. 1, 1989, pp. 27–56, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745–9125.1989.tb00862.x/abstract.
310
Toby Davies and Shane D. Johnson, Examining the relationship between road structure and burglary risk via quantitative network analysis, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, vol. 31, no. 3, 2015, pp. 481–507, http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1456293/5/Johnson_art%253A10.1007%252Fs10940-014–9235-4.pdf.
311
В данном случае “мы” – это именно мы. Статью, в которой описано это исследование, мы опубликовали вместе с Майклом Фритом, моим замечательным аспирантом.
312
Англ. boost – создание популярности, рекламирование. (Прим. перев.)
313
Spencer Chainey, Predictive Mapping (Predictive Policing), JDI Brief (London: Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science, University College London, 2012), http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1344080/3/JDIBriefs_PredictiveMappingSChaineyApril2012.pdf.
314
Ibid.
315
Небольшое уточнение. Свободный доступ к самой программе PredPol закрыт. Эксперимент, о котором идет речь, проводили математики, авторы программы, по методике, в точности повторяющей описанную в подлиннике. По всем признакам, методика та же самая, но, строго говоря, мы не можем быть в этом уверены полностью.
316
G. O. Mohler, M. B. Short, Sean Malinowski, Mark Johnson, G. E. Tita, Andrea L. Bertozzi and P. J. Brantingham, Randomized controlled field trials of predictive policing, Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 110, no. 512, 2015, pp. 1399–1411, http://tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01621459.2015.1077710.
317
Kent Police Corporate Services Analysis Department, PredPol Operational Review, 2014, http://statewatch.org/docbin/uk-2014-kent-police-predpol-op-review.pdf.
318
Mohler et al., Randomized controlled field trials of predictive policing.
319
Kent Police Corporate Services Analysis Department, PredPol Operational Review: Initial Findings, 2013, https://whatdotheyknow.com/request/181341/response/454199/attach/3/13%2010%20888%20Appendix.pdf.
320
Kent Police Corporate Services Analysis Department, PredPol Operational Review.
321
Это был не PredPol, а другой алгоритм, далеко не такой сложный, но в нем тоже использовались эффекты “флажка” и “буста”. См. статью Matthew Fielding and Vincent Jones, Disrupting the optimal forager: predictive risk mapping and domestic burglary reduction in Trafford, Greater Manchester, International Journal of Police Science and Management, vol. 14, no. 1, 2012, pp. 30–41.
322
Joe Newbold, “Predictive policing”, “preventative policing” or “intelligence led policing”. What is the future? Warwick Business School, 2015. (Консультационный проект для апробации в программе Бизнес-школы Университета Уорика.)
323
Данные 2016 года: COMPSTAT, Citywide Profile 12/04/16–12/31/16, http://assets.lapdonline.org/assets/pdf/123116cityprof.pdf.
324
Ronald V. Clarke and Mike Hough, Crime and Police Effectiveness, Home Office Research Study no. 79 (London: HMSO, 1984), https://archive.org/stream/op1276605-1001/op1276605-1001_djvu.txt, as told in Tom Gash, Criminal: The Truth about Why People Do Bad Things (London: Allen Lane, 2016).
325
Kent Police Corporate Services Analysis Department, PredPol Operational Review.
326
PredPol, Recent examples of crime reduction, 2017, http://predpol.com/results/.
327
Aaron Shapiro, Reform predictive policing, Nature, vol. 541, no. 7638, 25 Jan. 2017, http://nature.com/news/reform-predictive-policing-1.21338.
328
Chicago Data Portal, Strategic Subject List, https://data.cityofchicago.org/Public-Safety/Strategic-Subject-List/4aki-r3np.
329
Jessica Saunders, Priscilla Hunt and John Hollywood, Predictions put into practice: a quasi-experimental evaluation of Chicago’s predictive policing pilot, Journal of Experimental Criminology, vol. 12, no. 3, 2016, pp. 347–371.
330
Copblock, Innocent man arrested for robbery and assault, spends two months in Denver jail, 28 April 2015, https://copblock.org/122644/man-arrested-for-robbery-assault-he-didnt-commit-spends-two-months-in-denver-jail/.
331
Ibid.
332
Ava Kofman, How a facial recognition mismatch can ruin your life, The Intercept, 13 Oct. 2016.
333
Ibid.
334
Copblock, Denver police, “Don’t f*ck with the biggest gang in Denver” before beating man wrongfully arrested – TWICE!!, 30 Jan. 2016, https://copblock.org/152823/denver-police-fck-up-again/.
335
На самом деле с Талли произошла даже более жуткая история, чем та, которую я вам коротко изложила. После первого ареста Талли отсидел два месяца, после чего его отпустили, так и не предъявив ему обвинения. Год он скитался по приютам для бездомных, а потом его арестовали опять. На этот раз обвинение не было снято, и против него выступало ФБР. Его дело развалилось окончательно, когда кассирша банка, заметив, что на руках Талли не было родинок, которые она видела у проходившего мимо стойки грабителя, сказала на суде: “Это не тот человек, который меня ограбил”. Талли возбудил иск о компенсации на сумму 10 миллионов долларов. Полный отчет представлен в статье Кофман “Как ваша жизнь может пойти под откос из-за промаха алгоритма распознавания лиц” (см. выше прим. 44).
336
Justin Huggler, Facial recognition software to catch terrorists being tested at Berlin station, Telegraph, 2 Aug. 2017, http://telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/02/facial-recognition-software-catch-terrorists-tested-berlin-station/.
337
David Kravets, Driver’s license facial recognition tech leads to 4,000 New York arrests, Ars Technica, 22 Aug. 2017, https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/08/biometrics-leads-to-thousands-of-a-ny-arrests-for-fraud-identity-theft/.
338
Ruth Mosalski, The first arrest using facial recognition software has been made, Wales Online, 2 June 2017, http://walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/first-arrest-using-facial-recognition-13126934.
339
Sebastian Anthony, UK police arrest man via automatic face recognition tech, Ars Technica, 6 June 2017, https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/06/police-automatic-face-recognition.
340
David White, Richard I. Kemp, Rob Jenkins, Michael Matheson and A. Mike Burton, Passport officers’ errors in face matching, PLOSOne, 18 Aug. 2014, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0103510#s6.
341
Teghan Lucas and Maciej Henneberg, Are human faces unique? A metric approach to finding single individuals without duplicates in large samples, Forensic Science International, vol. 257, Dec. 2015, pp. 514e1–514.e6, http://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073815003758.
342
Zaria Gorvett, You are surprisingly likely to have a living doppelganger, BBC Future, 13 July 2016, http://bbc.com/future/story/20160712-you-are-surprisingly-likely-to-have-a-living-doppelganger.
343
Eyewitness misidentification, The Innocence Project, https://innocenceproject.org/causes/eyewitness-misidentification.
344
Douglas Starr, Forensics gone wrong: when DNA snares the innocent, Science, 7 March 2016, http://sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/forensics-gone-wrong-when-dna-snares-innocent.
345
Это не означает, что в экспертизе по ДНК не может быть ошибочной идентификации, – может; это означает лишь, что вы владеете методом, который позволяет свести такие ошибки к минимуму.
346
Richard W. Vorder Bruegge, Individualization of People from Images (Quantico, Va., FBI Operational Technology Division, Forensic Audio, Video and Image Analysis Unit), 12 Dec. 2016, https://nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2016/12/12/vorderbruegge-face.pdf.
347
Lance Ulanoff, The iPhone X can’t tell the difference between twins, Mashable UK, 31 Oct. 2017, http://mashable.com/2017/10/31/putting-iphone-x-face-id-to-twin-test/#A87kA26aAqqQ.
348
Kif Leswing, Apple says the iPhone X’s facial recognition system isn’t for kids, Business Insider UK, 27 Sept. 2017, http://uk.businessinsider.com/apple-says-the-iphone-xs-face-id-is-less-accurate-on-kids-under-13–2017-9.
349
Andy Greenberg, Watch a 10-year-old’s face unlock his mom’s iPhone X, Wired, 14 Nov. 2017, https://wired.com/story/10-year-old-face-id-unlocks-mothers-iphone-x/.
350
Bkav’s new mask beats Face ID in “twin way”: severity level raised, do not use Face ID in business transactions, Bkav Corporation, 27 Nov. 2017, http://bkav.com/dt/top-news/-/view_content/content/103968/bkav%EF%BF%BDs-new-mask-beats-face-id-in-twin-way-severity-level-raised-do-not-use-face-id-in-business-transactions.
351
Mahmood Sharif, Sruti Bhagavatula, Lujo Bauer and Michael Reiter, Accessorize to a crime: real and stealthy attacks on state-of-the-art face recognition. Работа была представлена на конференции Ассоциации вычислительной техники ACM SIGSAC Conference, 2016, https://cs.cmu.edu/~sbhagava/papers/face-rec-ccs16.pdf.
352
Ira Kemelmacher-Shlizerman, Steven M. Seitz, Daniel Miller and Evan Brossard, The MegaFace Benchmark: 1 Million Faces for Recognition at Scale, Computer Vision Foundation, 2015, https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.00596
353
Half of all American adults are in a police face recognition database, new report finds, press release, Georgetown Law, 18 Oct. 2016, https://law.georgetown.edu/news/press-releases/half-of-all-american-adults-are-in-a-police-face-recognition-database-new-report-finds.cfm.
354
Josh Chin and Liza Lin, China’s all-seeing surveillance state is reading its citizens’ faces, Wall Street Journal, 6 June 2017, https://wsj.com/articles/the-all-seeing-surveillance-state-feared-in-the-west-is-a-reality-in-china-1498493020.
355
Daniel Miller, Evan Brossard, Steven M. Seitz and Ira Kemelmacher-Shlizerman, The MegaFace: A Million Faces for Recognition at Scale, 2015, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.02108.pdf.
356
Этот процент говорит о том, сколько истинных совпадений лиц не зафиксировал алгоритм, настроенный на пропуск сомнительных случаев. О том, какие ошибки может совершить алгоритм, подробнее говорится в главе “Правосудие”, а о различных способах оценки точности – в главе “Медицина”.
357
Ibid.
358
MegaFace and MF2: Million-Scale Face Recognition, Most recent public results, 12 March 2017, http://megaface.cs.washington.edu/; Leading facial recognition platform Tencent YouTu Lab smashes records in MegaFace facial recognition challenge, Cision PR Newswire, 14 April 2017, http://prnewswire.com/news-releases/leading-facial-recognition-platform-tencent-youtu-lab-smashes-records-in-megaface-facial-recognition-challenge-300439812.html.
359
Dan Robson, Facial recognition a system problem gamblers can’t beat? TheStar.com, 12 Jan. 2011, https://thestar.com/news/gta/2011/01/12/facial_recognition_a_system_problem_gamblers_cant_beat.html.
360
British Retail Consortium, 2016 Retail Crime Survey (London: BRC, Feb. 2017), https://brc.org.uk/media/116348/10081-brc-retail-crime-survey-2016_all-graphics-latest.pdf.
361
D&D Daily, The D&D Daily’s 2016 Retail Violent Death Report, 9 March 2017, http://d-ddaily.com/archivesdaily/DailySpecialReport03–09-17F.htm.
362
Joan Gurney, Walmart’s use of facial recognition tech to spot shoplifters raises privacy concerns, iQ Metrix, 9 Nov. 2015, http://iqmetrix.com/blog/walmarts-use-of-facial-recognition-tech-to-spot-shoplifters-raises-privacy-concerns.
363
Andy Coghlan and James Randerson, How far should fingerprints be trusted? New Scientist, 14 Sept. 2005, https://newscientist.com/article/dn8011-how-far-should-fingerprints-be-trusted/.
364
Phil Locke, Blood spatter – evidence? The Wrongful Convictions Blog, 30 April 2012, https://wrongfulconvictionsblog.org/2012/04/30/blood-spatter-evidence/.
365
Michael Shermer, Can we trust crime forensics? Scientific American, 1 Sept. 2015, https://scientificamerican.com/article/can-we-trust-crime-forensics/.
366
National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward (Washington DC: National Academies Press, 2009), p. 7, https://ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/228091.pdf.
367
Colin Moynihan, Hammer attacker sentenced to 22 years in prison, New York Times, 19 July 2017, https://nytimes.com/2017/07/19/nyregion/hammer-attacker-sentenced-to-22-years-in-prison.html?mcubz=0.
368
Jeremy Tanner, David Baril charged in hammer attacks after police-involved shooting, Pix11, 14 May 2015, http://pix11.com/2015/05/14/david-baril-charged-in-hammer-attacks-after-police-involved-shooting/.
369
Long-time fugitive captured juggler was on the run for 14 years, FBI, 12 Aug. 2014, https://fbi.gov/news/stories/long-time-fugitive-neil-stammer-captured.
370
Pei-Sze Cheng, I-Team: use of facial recognition technology expands as some question whether rules are keeping up, NBC 4NewYork, 23 June 2015, http://nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Facial-Recognition-NYPD-Technology-Video-Camera-Police-Arrest-Surveillance-309359581.html.
371
Nate Berg, Predicting crime, LAPD-style, Guardian, 25 June 2014, https://theguardian.com/cities/2014/jun/25/predicting-crime-lapd-los-angeles-police-data-analysis-algorithm-minority-report.
372
С другой стороны, в 14 лет я была без ума и от PJ & Duncan – что я понимала?
373
Matthew J. Salganik, Peter Sheridan Dodds and Duncan J. Watts, Experimental study of inequality and unpredictability in an artificial cultural market, Science, vol. 311, 10 Feb. 2006, p. 854, DOI: 10.1126/science.1121066, https://princeton.edu/~mjs3/salganik_dodds_watts06_full.pdf.
374
http://princeton.edu/~mjs3/musiclab.shtml.
375
Kurt Kleiner, Your taste in music is shaped by the crowd, New Scientist, 9 Feb. 2006, https://newscientist.com/article/dn8702-your-taste-in-music-is-shaped-by-the-crowd/.
376
Bjorn Carey, The science of hit songs, LiveScience, 9 Feb. 2006, https://livescience.com/7016-science-hit-songs.html.
377
Rotten Tomatoes – “Гнилые помидоры”, сайт, на котором публикуются обзоры и новости о кино. (Прим. перев.)
378
Жаль, что формат книги не рассчитан на музыкальные цитаты. Мне очень хотелось бы, чтобы вы послушали эту образцово-отвратительную запись. Может, погуглите на досуге?
379
Matthew J. Salganik and Duncan J. Watts, Leading the herd astray: an experimental study of self-fulfilling prophecies in an artificial cultural market, Social Psychology Quarterly, vol. 74, no. 4, Fall 2008, p. 338, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250807100404.
