Антикитерский механизм: Самое загадочное изобретение Античности Мерчант Джо

Библиография

Книги:

• Cousteau, Jacques, The Silent World (Elm Tree Books, 1988)

• Homer (translated by Walter Shewring), The Odyssey (Oxford paperbacks, New editions, 1998)

• Svoronos, J. N., Das Athener Nationalmuseum (Athens: Beck and Barth, 1908)

• Warn, Faith, Bitter Sea: The Real Story of Greek Sponge Diving (Guardian Angel, 2000)

Статьи:

• Catsambis, Alexis, 'Before Antikythera: The first underwater archaeological survey in Greece', in The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, vol. 35, issue 1, pp. 104–7 (2006)

• Cornelius Bol, Peter, 'Die Skulpturen des Schiffsfundes von Antikythera', in American Journal of Archaeology, vol 77, no. 4, pp. 451–453 (Oct 1973)

• Frost, K. T.,'The statues from Cerigotto,' in The Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. 23, pp. 217–236 (1903)

• Kabbadias, P., 'The recent finds off Cythera', in The Journal of Hellenistic Studies, vol. 21, pp. 205–208 (1901)

• Karo, George, 'Art salvaged from the sea', in Archaeology, vol. 1, pp. 179–185 (1948)

• 'The findings of the wreckage of Antikythera', in Report of the Archaeological Society of Athens, in Greek (15 Feb 1902)

Книги:

• Diels, Hermann, Antike Teknik (Leipzig and Berlin, 1920)

• Gunther, Robert, Astrolabes of the World (Oxford, 1932)

• Schlachter, Alois, Der Globus, (Leipzig, 1927)

• Sovoronos, J. N., Das Athener Nationalmuseum (Athens: Beck and Barth, 1908)

• Zinner, Ernst, Geschichte der Sternkunde (Berlin, 1931)

Статьи:

• Luce, Stephen B., 'Albert Rehm', in American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 54, no. 3, p. 254 (Jul – Sep 1950)

• Neugebauer, Otto, 'The early history of the Astrolabe. Studies in ancient Astronomy IX', in Isis, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 240–256 (Aug 1949)

• Thofanidis, Jean, 'Sur l'instrument en cuivre dont des frag- ments se trouvent au Muse Archologique d'Athnes et qui fut retir du fond de la mer d'Anticythre en 1902', in Praktika tes Akademias Athenon, vol. 9, pp. 140–154 (Athens, 1934)

Книги:

• Berthold, Richard M., Rhodes in the Hellenistic Age (Cornell University Press, 1984)

• Dumas, Frdric, 30 Centuries Under the Sea (Crown, 1976)

• Fox, Robin Lane, The Classical World: An Epic History of Greece and Rome (Penguin Books, 2006)

• Plutarch, The Parallel Lives (Loeb Classical Library Edition, 1916)

• Throckmorton, Peter (ed.), The Sea Remembers: Shipwrecks and Archaeology (Chancellor Press, 1987)

Статьи:

• Basch, Lucien, 'Ancient wrecks and the archaeology of ships', in The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration, vol. 1, pp. 1–58 (1972)

• Bass, George F., Peter Throckmorton et al., 'Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck', in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Ser., vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 1–177 (1967)

• Davidson Weinberg, Gladys,Virginia R. Grace, G. Roger Edwards, Henry S. Robinson, Peter Throckmorton, Elizabeth K. Ralph, 'The Antikythera Shipwreck reconsidered', in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Ser., vol. 55, no. 3 (1955)

• Ermoupolites, Mr, 'The amphorae of the Antikythera wreck', in Naftiki Hellas, in Greek (Aug 1950)

• Gibbins, David and Jonathan Adams, 'Shipwrecks and maritime archaeology', in World Archaeology, vol. 32, issue 3, pp. 279–291 (2001)

• Koehler, Carolyn G., 'Virginia Randolph Grace, 1901–1994', in American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 100, pp. 153–155 (1996)

• Yalouris, N., 'The shipwreck of Antikythera: New evidence of its date after supplementary investigation', in Jean Paul Descoeudres, (ed.) Eumousia: Ceramic and Iconographic Studies in Honour of Alexander Cambitoglou, pp. 135–136 (Sydney: Meditarch, 1990)

Книги:

• McAleer, Neil, Odyssey: The Authorised Biography of Arthur C. Clarke (Victor Gollancz, 1992)

• Price, Derek J. de Solla, Little Science, Big Science (Columbia University Press, 1963)

• Price, Derek J. de Solla, Little Science, Big Science … and Beyond, Foreword by Robert K. Merton and Eugene Garfield (Columbia University Press, 1986)

• Price, D. J. D., The Equatorie of the Planetis (Cambridge University Press, 1955)

• Welfare, Simon and John Fairley, Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World (Fontana, 1980)

Статьи:

• Drachmann,A. G.,'The plane astrolabe and the anaphoric clock', in Centaurus, vol. 3, p. 183 (1954)

• Garfield, Eugene, 'A tribute to Derek John de Solla Price: A bold, iconoclastic historian of science', in Essays of an Information Scientist, vol. 7, pp. 213–217 (1984)

• Garfield, Eugene, 'Derek Price and the practical world of scientometrics', in Science, Technology and Human Values 13 (3/4), pp. 349–50 (1988)

• Garfield, Eugene, 'In memoriam', in Essays of an Information Scientist, vol. 6, p. 645 (1983)

• Landels, J. G., 'Water clocks and time measurement in classical antiquity', in Endeavour, New Series vol. 3, no. 1 (1979)

• Morris, Robert L., 'Derek de Solla Price and the Antikythera mechanism: An appreciation', in IEEE Micro, pp. 15–21 (Feb 1984)

• Needham, J., W. Ling and D. J. D. Price, 'Chinese astronomical clockwork', in Nature, vol. 177, pp. 600–2 (1956)

• Noble, Joseph V. and Derek J. de Solla Price, 'The water clock in the Tower of the Winds', in American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 72 no. 4, pp. 345–355 (Oct 1968)

• Price, Derek, 'Editorial statements', in Scientometrics, vol. 1, pp. 3–8 (Sept 1978)

• Price, Derek J. de Solla, 'Clockwork before the clock', in Horological Journal (5 Oct 1955)

• Price, Derek J. de Solla, 'An Ancient Greek computer', in Scientific American, pp. 60–67 (1959)

• Price, D. J. D., 'The equatorium of the planetis', in Bull. Brit. Soc. Hist. Sci., vol. 1, pp. 223–6 (1953)

• Price, D. J. D., 'Networks of scientific papers', in Science, vol. 149, pp. 510–5 (1965)

• Price, Derek J., 'The prehistory of the clock', in Discovery, pp. 153–157 (April 1956)

• Price, Derek J. de Solla,'The tower of the winds: Piecing together an ancient puzzle', in National Geographic, pp. 586–596 (April 1967)

Книги:

• Dniken, Erich von, Chariots of the Gods? Memories of the Future Unsolved Mysteries of the Past (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1969)

• Dniken, Erich von, Odyssey of the Gods: The Alien History of Ancient Greece (Vega, 2002)

• Feynman, Richard, What Do You Care What Other People Think? (Unwin Hyman, 1989)

• Neugebauer, Otto, A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy (Springer, 1975)

Статьи:

• Beaver, Donald deB., 'Eloge: Derek John de Solla Price', in Isis, vol. 76, issue 3, pp. 371–374 (1985)

• 'Interview: Derek de Solla Price', in Omni, pp. 89–102, 136 (1982)

• MacKay, Alan, 'Derek John de Solla Price: An appreciation', in Social Studies of Science, vol. 14, pp. 315–20 (1984)

• Miller, F. J., E. V. Sayre and B. Keisch, 'Isotopic methods of examination and authentication in art and archaeology', in Oak Ridge National Laboratory IIC-21 (Oak Ridge, Oct 1970)

• Price, Derek J. de Solla, 'Gears from the Greeks. The Antikythera Mechanism: A calendar computer from ca. 80 BC', in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Ser., vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 1–70 (1974)

• Shapley, Deborah, 'Nuclear weapons history: Japan's wartime bomb projects revealed', in Science, vol. 199, pp. 153–157 (1978)

• Shizume, Eri Yagi and Derek J. de Solla Price, 'Japanese bomb', in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, p. 29 (Nov 1962)

• 'The Leonardo da Vinci Medal', in Technology and Culture, pp. 471–478 (1976)

Книги:

• Asprey, William (ed.), Computing Before Computers (Iowa State University Press, 1990)

• Swade, Doron, The Cogwheel Brain: Charles Babbage and the Quest to Build the First Computer (Abacus, 2001)

• Wright, M. T., J. V. Field and D. R. Hill, Byzantine and Arabic Mathematical Gearing (The Science Museum, 1985)

Статьи:

• Bromley, Allan G., 'Notes on the Antikythera mechanism', in Centaurus, vol. 29, pp. 5–27 (1986)

• Bromley, Allan G., 'The Antikythera Mechanism: A reconstruction', in Horological Journal, p. 28–31 (July 1990)

• Bromley, Allan G., 'Observations of the Antikythera mechanism', in Antiquarian Horology, pp. 641–652 (Summer 1990)

• Bromley, Allan G., 'The Antikythera mechanism', in Horological Journal, p. 412–415 (June 1999)

• Cherfas, Jeremy,'Seeking the soul of an old machine', in Science, New Series, vol. 252, no. 5011, pp. 1370–1371 (7 June 1991)

• Edmunds, Mike and Philip Morgan, 'The Antikythera mechanism: Still a mystery of Greek astronomy?', in Astronomy and Geophysics, vol. 41, pp. 6.10–6.17 (Dec 2000)

• Field, J. V. and M. T. Wright, 'Gears from the Byzantines: A portable sundial with calendrical gearing', in Annals of Science, vol. 42, pp. 87–138 (1985)

• Maddison, Francis, 'Byzantine calendrical gearing', in Nature, vo. 314, pp. 316–317 (1985)

• Wright, M. T., A. G. Bromley and H. Magou, 'Simple X-ray tomography and the Antikythera mechanism', in PACT (Journal of the European Study Group of Physical, Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology), pp. 45, 531–543 (1995)

Книги:

• Evans, James, The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy (Oxford University Press, 1998)

Статьи:

• Wright, M. T. and A. G. Bromley, 'Current work on the Antikythera mechanism', in Proc. Conf. on Ancient Greek Technology, pp. 19–25 (Greece, Thessaloniki, Sept 1997)

• Wright, M. T., 'A planetarium display for the Antikythera mechanism', in Horological Journal, pp. 144, 169–173 and 193 (2002)

• Wright, M. T. 'Epicyclic gearing and the Antikythera mechanism, Part I', in Antiquarian Horology, vol. 27, pp. 270–279 (2003)

• Wright, M. T., 'In the steps of the master mechanic', in Proc. Conf. on Ancient Greece and the Modern World, pp. 86–97 (Greece: University of Patras, 2003)

• Wright, M. T. and A. G. Bromley, 'Towards a new reconstruction of the Antikythera mechanism', in Extraordinary Machines and Structures in Antiquity (ed. S. A. Paipetis), pp. 81–94 (Patras: Peri Technon, 2003)

• Wright, M. T., 'The scholar, the mechanic and the Antikythera mechanism', in Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society, vol. 80, pp. 4–11 (2004)

• Wright, M. T., 'Counting months and years: The upper back dial of the Antikythera mechanism', in Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society, vol. 87, pp. 8–13 (2005)

• Wright, M. T., 'Epicyclic gearing and the Antikythera mechanism, Part 2', in Antiquarian Horology, vol. 29, pp. 51–63 (2005)

• Wright, M. T., 'The Antikythera mechanism: A new gearing scheme', in Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society, vol. 85, pp. 2–7 (2005)

• Wright, M. T., 'The Antikythera mechanism and the early history of the moon phase display', in Antiquarian Horology, vol. 29, pp. 319–329 (2006)

• Wright, M. T.,'Understanding the Antikythera mechanism', in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Ancient Greek Technology, pp. 49–60 (Athens: Technical Chamber of Greece, 2006)

• Wright, M. T. 'The Antikythera mechanism reconsidered', in Interdisciplinary Science Review, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 27–43 (2007)

Статьи:

• Brooks, Michael, 'Tricks of the light', in New Scientist, pp. 38–41 (7 April, 2001)

• Edmunds, Mike, 'The elementary universe', in Astronomy and Geophysics, vol. 46 pp. 4.12–4.17 (Aug 2005)

• Edmunds, Mike, 'Landscapes, circles and Antikythera: The birth of the mechanical universe', in Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Special Issue, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 87–92 (2006)

• Freeth, Tony, 'The Antikythera mechanism. I. Challenging the classic research', in Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 21–35 (2002)

• Ramsey, Andrew T., 'The latest techniques reveal the earliest technology – A new inspection of the Antikythera mechanism', in International Symposium on Digital Industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography, pp. 25–27 (France, Lyon, June 2007)

• Seabrook, John, 'Fragmentary knowledge: Was the Antikythera mechanism the world's first computer?', in The New Yorker (14 May, 2007)

• Solomos, N. H. (ed), 'The Antikythera Mechanism – Real Progress Through Greek/UK/US Research. M. G. Edmunds for the Antikythera Research Project. Recent Advances in Astronomy and Astrophysics', in 7th International Conference of the Hellenic Astronomical Society, pp. 913–918 (2006)

Книги:

• Netz, Reviel and William Noel, The Archimedes Codex: Revealing the Blueprint of Modern Science (Phoenix, 2007)

• Steele, John, Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000)

Статьи:

• Charette, Francois, 'High-tech from Ancient Greece', in Nature, vol. 444, pp. 551–552 (2006)

• Freeth, T., Y. Bitsakis, X. Moussas, J. H. Seiradakis, A. Tselikas, H. Mangou, M. Zafeiropoulou, R. Hadland, D. Bate, A. Ramsey, M. Allen, A. Crawley, P. Hockley, T. Malzbender, D. Gelb, W. Ambrisco, M. G. Edmunds, 'Decoding the Ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera mechanism', in Nature, vol. 444, pp. 587–591 (2006)

• Marchant, Jo, 'In search of lost time', in Nature vol. 444, pp. 534–538 (2006)

• Steele, John, 'Eclipse prediction in Mesopotamia', in Archive for History of Exact Sciences, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 421–454 (Feb 2000)

• Steele, John, 'Ptolemy, Babylon and the rotation of the earth', in Astronomy and Geophysics, vol. 46 pp. 5.11–5.15 (2005)

Книги:

• Cicero, The Nature of the Gods (Oxford University Press, 1998)

• Evans, James, The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy (Oxford University Press, 1998)

• Hill, Donald, Islamic Science and Engineering (Edinburgh University Press, 1993)

• Kidd, Ian Gray, Posidonius: Volume III The Translation of the Fragments (Cambridge University Press, 2004)

• Linssen, Marc J. H., The Cults of Uruk and Babylon: The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice (Brill-Styx, 2004)

• Pliny, Natural History (Penguin, 1991)

• Rosheim, Mark E., Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics (Wiley-Interscience, 1994)

• Ruggles, Clive, Astronomy in Prehistoric Britain and Northern Ireland (Yale University Press, 1999)

• Russo, Lucio, The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why it Had to Be Reborn (Springer, 2003)

• Toomer, G. J. (translated), Ptolemy's Almagest (Princeton University Press, 1998)

Статьи:

• Freeth, Tony, Alexander Jones, John Steele and Yanis Bitsakis, 'Calendars with Olympiad display and eclipse prediction on the Antikythera mechanism', in Nature, vol. 454, pp. 614–617 (2008)

• Gingerich, Owen, 'Islamic astronomy', in Scientific American, vol. 254, p. 74 (April 1986)

• Jones, Alexander, 'The adaptation of Babylonian methods in Greek numerical astronomy', in Isis, vol. 82, pp. 441–453 (1991)

• Jones, Alexander, 'The astronomical inscription from Keskintos, Rhodes', in Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Special Issue, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 213–220 (2006)

• Jones, Alexander, 'The Keskintos astronomical inscription text and interpretations', in SCIAMVS, vol. 7, pp. 3–41 (2006)

• Keyser, Paul,'A new look at Heron's ''Steam Engine''', in Archive for History of Exact Sciences, vol. 44, pp. 107–124 (1992)

• Price, Derek J. de Solla 'Automata and the origins of mechanism and mechanistic philosophy', in Technology and Culture, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 9–23 (Winter 1964)

• Toomer, G. J., 'Hipparchus', in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. Charles Gillespie, vol. XV, pp. 207–224 (NewYork: Scribners, 1970–1980)

• Toomer, G. J., 'Hipparchus and Babylonian astronomy', in A Scientific Humanist: Studies in Memory of Abraham Sachs, pp. 353–362 (Philadelphia: Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund, 9)

• Tybjerg, Karin, 'Wonder-making and philosophical wonder in Hero of Alexandria', in Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci., vol. 34, pp. 443–446 (2003)

• Waerden, Bartel van der, 'Mathematics and astronomy in Mesopotamia', in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (ed. in Chief Charles Gillespie), vol. XV, Supplement I, pp. 667–680 (1978)

Фото

Капитан Димитриос Контос и его команда собирателей губок на своем крохотном суденышке на месте гибели Антикитерского корабля. 1901 г. Из книги J. N. Svoronos, Das Athener Nationalmuseum (Athens, 1908)

Греческий собиратель губок в классическом водолазном костюме. Шлем делали вручную из меди, и весил он около 18 кг. Костюм шили из плотной ткани, брезента и индийского каучука, он весил 8 кг. На водолазе закрепляли два 9-килограммовых свинцовых грузила – одно спереди, другое сзади

Некоторые сокровища, поднятые с места гибели Антикитерского корабля в 1900–1901 гг., ныне хранятся в Национальном археологическом музее в Афинах: вверху – бронзовая голова статуи философа, III в. до н. э.

Слева – бронзовая статуя «Антикитерского юноши», IV в. до н. э.; справа – мраморная статуя присевшего мальчика, наполовину съеденная коррозией из-за пребывания в морской воде

Три крупнейших фрагмента Антикитерского механизма в витрине Национального археологического музея в Афинах: вверху слева – фрагмент C, видна часть зодиакальной шкалы на передней панели; вверху справа – фрагмент B, видна часть спиральной шкалы на задней панели механизма; внизу – фрагмент A, видно большое четырехспицевое зубчатое колесо

Дерек де Солла Прайс с моделью Антикитерского механизма в 1982 г.

Башня ветров, часовая башня I или II в. до н. э., стоящая на римской агоре в Афинах. Некогда в ней находились сложно сконструированные водяные часы

Алан Бромли с реконструкцией Антикитерского механизма в Сиднейском университете

Детали модели Майкла Райта, приводящие в движение указатели планет. Эпициклический диск и рычаги с прорезями для Меркурия и Венеры помещены над большим колесом в главном комплекте деталей. Отдельные комплекты (слева направо) предназначены для Марса, Юпитера и Сатурна

Слева – главная плата модели Майкла Райта с большим четырехспицевым колесом и соединенными с ним зубчатыми колесами. Сравните с фронтальным видом фрагмента А. Вместо оригинальных заклепок использованы шурупы – просто для того, чтобы модель можно было разбирать; cправа – Майкл Райт с реконструкцией Антикитерского механизма в мастерской своего дома в Хаммерсмите, Лондон, 2006 г. На заднем плане токарный станок, сделанный около 1820 г. и до сих пор находящийся в рабочем состоянии

Исламская астролябия с зубчатыми колесами из Музея истории науки в Оксфорде. Ее сделал Мухаммад ибн Аби Бакр в Исфахане (Иран) в 1221/22 г. Это ее обратная сторона, где видна шкала фаз Луны (наверху), указатель даты (вверху справа) и концентрические шкалы, показывающие положения Солнца и Луны в Зодиаке (внизу)

Страницы из относящейся к XIII в. копии рукописи X в., приписываемой багдадскому астроному Настулу. Схемы показывают, как изготовить «Луну в шкатулке» – календарь с зубчатыми колесами, подобный тому, что соединен с Исламской астролябией, и календарю на византийских солнечных часах VI в. из лондонского Музея науки

Экспедиция X-Tek для рентгеновской съемки антикитерских обломков в октябре 2005 г. Алан Кроули из X-Tek подключает систему «Бегущий по лезвию», готовясь к съемке фрагментов

Панделис Фелерис, хранитель афинского Национального археологического музея, устанавливает фрагмент A на вращающийся диск

Доктор Элени Магку (Национальный археологический музей) и профессор Ксенофон Муссас (Афинский университет) изучают первую компьютерную томограмму фрагмента G

Часть сохранившегося фрагмента Антикитерского механизма, совмещенная с рентгеновским снимком скрытых внутри зубчатых колес