План Б: Как пережить несчастье, собраться с силами и снова ощутить радость жизни Грант Адам
обоснованной надеждой: David B. Feldman and Lee Daniel Kravetz, Supersurvivors: The Surprising Link Between Suffering and Success (New York: Harper Wave, 2014).
когда тридцать три чилийских шахтера оказались заблокированы: "Chile Miners Get Support from 'Alive' Crash Survivors," BBC News, September 4, 2010: www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-11190456; "'Alive' Survivors Reach Out to Trapped Chilean Miners," Weekend Edition Sunday, NPR, September 5, 2010: www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129662796; "A Survivor's Message to Miners," YouTube, по состоянию на 15 декабря 2016 г.: www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLHhTLbjtkY.
Experience Camps: www.experience.camp.
После этого он выступил: "Testimony of Former SHU Inmate Steven Czifra at the Joint Legislative Hearing on Solitary Confinement in California," October 9, 2013, по состоянию на 23 декабря 2016 г.: www.whatthefolly.com/2013/10/22/transcript-testimony-of-former-shu-inmate-steven-czifra-at-the-joint-legislative-hearing-on-solitary-confinement-in-california-oct-9-2013/; "Steven Czifra Speaks on Solitary Confinement in North Berkeley," YouTube, November 6, 2013, по состоянию на 23 декабря 2016 г.: www.youtube.com/watch?v=aodLBlt1i00.
Underground Scholars Initiative: Larissa MacFarquhar, "Building a Prison-to-School Pipeline," The New Yorker, December 12, 2016: www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/12/12/the-ex-con-scholars-of-berkeley; Jessie Lau, "Incarceration to Convocation," The Daily Californian, May 10, 2015: www.dailycal.org/2015/05/10/incarceration-to-convocation/.
Posse Foundation: www.possefoundation.org.
коллективную стойкость вырабатывают общие истории: Michle Lamont, Graziella Moraes Silva, Jessica S. Welburn, et al., Getting Respect: Responding to Stigma and Discrimination in the United States, Brazil, and Israel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016).
Если студентам перед прохождением: Michael Johns, Toni Schmader, and Andy Martens, "Knowing Is Half the Battle: Teaching Stereotype Threat as a Means of Improving Women's Math Performance," Psychological Science 16 (2005): 175–79.
чернокожие студенты показали худшие результаты: Claude M. Steele and Joshua Aronson, "Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (1995): 797–811. Обзор см. в: Hannah-Hanh D. Nguyen and Ann Marie Ryan, "Does Stereotype Threat Affect Test Performance of Minorities and Women? A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Evidence," Journal of Applied Psychology 93 (2008): 1314–34.
«угрозой стереотипа»: Claude M. Steele, "A Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance," American Psychologist 52 (1997): 613–29; Jenessa R. Shapiro and Steven L. Neuberg, "From Stereotype Threat to Stereotype Threats: Implications of a Multi-Threat Framework for Causes, Moderators, Mediators, Consequences, and Interventions," Personality and Social Psychology Review 11 (2007): 107–30.
«все говорят, что эти ребята»: Tina Rosenberg, "Beyond SATs, Finding Success in Numbers," The New York Times, February 15, 2012: http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/15/beyond-sats-finding-success-in-numbers/?scp=1&sq=fixes%20stereotype%20threat&st=cse.
поддержка равных тоже имеет огромное значение: Dan S. Chiaburu and David A. Harrison, "Do Peers Make the Place? Conceptual Synthesis and Meta-Analysis of Coworker Effects on Perceptions, Attitudes, OCBs, and Performance," Journal of Applied Psychology 93 (2008): 1082–103; Chockalingam Viswesvaran, Juan I. Sanchez, and Jeffrey Fisher, "The Role of Social Support in the Process of Work Stress: A Meta-Analysis," Journal of Vocational Behavior 54 (1999): 314–34.
Помогая людям преодолевать сложные жизненные обстоятельства: Geoff DeVerteuil and Oleg Golubchikov, "Can Resilience Be Redeemed?" City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action 20 (2016): 143–51; Markus Keck and Patrick Sakdapolrak, "What Is Social Resilience? Lessons Learned and Ways Forward," Erdkunde 67 (2013): 5–19.
«Вечером в пятницу вы украли жизнь»: Antoine Leiris, You Will Not Have My Hate (New York: Penguin Press, 2016).
называется «моральным возвышением»: Jonathan Haidt, "Elevation and the Positive Psychology of Morality," in Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well-Lived, ed. Corey L. M. Keyes and Jonathan Haidt (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2003); Rico Pohling and Rhett Diessner, "Moral Elevation and Moral Beauty: A Review of the Empirical Literature," Review of General Psychology 20 (2016): 412–25; Sara B. Algoe and Jonathan Haidt, "Witnessing Excellence in Action: The 'Other-Praising' Emotions of Elevation, Gratitude, and Admiration," The Journal of Positive Psychology 4 (2009): 105–27; Simone Schnall, Jean Roper, and Daniel M. T. Fessler, "Elevation Leads to Altruistic Behavior," Psychological Science 21 (2010): 315–20.
«лучшими ангелами нашего естества»: Инаугурационная речь Авраама Линкольна, 4 марта 1861 г., по состоянию на 15 декабря 2016 г.: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lincoln1.asp.
возвышение заставляет искать: Dan Freeman, Karl Aquino, and Brent McFerran, "Overcoming Beneficiary Race as an Impediment to Charitable Donations: Social Dominance Orientation, the Experience of Moral Elevation, and Donation Behavior," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 35 (2009): 72–84; Karl McFerran, and Marjorie Laven, "Moral Identity and the Experience of Moral Elevation in Response to Acts of Uncommon Goodness," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 100 (2011): 703–18; Jane Monica C. Worline, Peter J. Frost, and Jacoba Lilius, "Explaining Compassion Organizing," Administrative Science Quarterly 51 (2006): 96.
«пусть никто не сможет заставить вас»: Martin Luther King Jr., цит. по: Clayborne Carson and Peter Holloran, eds., A Knock at Midnight: Inspiration from the Great Sermons of Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Grand Central, 2000).
Африканской методистской епископальной церкви матери Эммануэль в Чарлстоне: Elahe Izadi, "The Powerful Words of Forgiveness Delivered to Dylann Roof by Victims' Relatives," The Washington Post, June 19, 2015: www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/06/19/hate-wont-win-the-powerful-words-delivered-to-dylann-roof-by-victims-relatives; John Eligon and Richard Fausset, "Defiant Show of Unity in Charleston Church That Lost 9 to Racist Violence," The New York Times, June 21, 2015: www.nytimes.com/2015/06/22/us/ame-church-in-charleston-reopens-as-congregation-mourns-shooting-victims.html; Alexis Simmons, "Families Impacted by Gun Violence Unite at Mother Emanuel Calling for Gun Reform," KCTV News, April 24, 2016: www.kctv5.com/story/31804155/families-impacted-by-gun-violence-unite-at-mother-emanuel-calling-for-gun-reform; Michael S. Schmidt, "Background Check Flaw Let Dylann Roof Buy Gun, F.B.I. Says," The New York Times, July 10, 2015: www.nytimes.com/2015/07/11/us/background-check-flaw-let-dylann-roof-buy-gun-fbi-says.html.
вместе со всей паствой спел «Чудесную благодать»: "President Obama Sings 'Amazing Grace,'" YouTube, по состоянию на 13 января 2017 г.: www.youtube.com/watch?v=IN05jVNBs64.
«То, что объединяет нас, сильнее»: Richard Fausset and John Eligon, "Charlston Church Reopens in Moving Service as Congregation Mourns," The Charlotte Observer, June 21, 2015: www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article25113397.html.
Миссию справедливости Чарлстона: http://thedartcenter.org/.
Только в 2010 году в мире произошло примерно четыреста: Dean A. Shepherd and Trenton A. Williams, "Local Venturing as Compassion Organizing in the Aftermath of a Natural Disaster: The Role of Localness and Community in Reducing Suffering," Journal of Management Studies 51 (2014): 952–94.
В стойких сообществах сильны социальные связи: См.: Daniel P. Aldrich and Michelle A. Meyer, "Social Capital and Community Resilience," American Behavioral Scientist 59 (2015): 254–69; Stevan E. Hobfoll, Patricia Watson, Carl C. Bell, et al., "Five Essential Elements of Immediate and Mid-Term Mass Trauma Intervention: Empirical Evidence," Psychiatry 70 (2007): 283–315. Также стойкость часто выше в сообществах, обладающих большими финансовыми ресурсами. После урагана «Эндрю» во Флориде в августе 1992 г. у людей значительно чаще развивалось ПТСР, если они лишались жилища и не имели средств на его восстановление: Gail Ironson, Christina Wynings, Neil Schneiderman, et al., "Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Intrusive Thoughts, Loss, and Immune Function After Hurricane Andrew," Psychosomatic Medicine 59 (1997): 128–41. Кроме того, психологи отмечают, что «действия администрации штата Миссисипи, которая заставила страховые компании выплачивать за понесенный ущерб согласно закону штата, оказали большое влияние на психическое здоровье людей»: Hobfoll et al., "Five Essential Elements of Immediate and Mid-Term Mass Trauma Intervention."
После геноцида 1994 года в Руанде: J. P. De Jong, Wilma F. Scholte, Maarten Koeter, and Augustinus A. M. Hart, "The Prevalence of Mental Health Problems in Rwandan and Burundese Refugee Camps," Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 102 (2000): 171–77.
Лучшие в этом смысле лагеря: Joop de Jong, ed., Trauma, War, and Violence: Public Mental Health in Socio-Cultural Context (New York: Springer, 2002).
«женщинами-остатками»: Brooke Larmer, "The Price of Marriage in China," The New York Times, March 9, 2013: www.nytimes.com/2013/03/10/business/in-a-changing-china-new-matchmaking-markets.html; A.A., "'Leftover' and Proud," The Economist, August 1, 2014: www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2014/08/womens-voices.
«ничто, пока не выйдет замуж»: Clarissa Sebag-Montefiore, "Romance with Chinese Characteristics," The New York Times, August 21, 2012: http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/21/romance-with-chinese-characteristics/?_r=0.
Более 80 000 женщин: Jenni Risku, "Reward Actors Who Promote Diversity: Lean In China's Virginia Tan," e27, September 19, 2016: https://e27.co/reward-actors-who-promote-diversity-lean-in-chinas-virginia-tan-20160916/.
обеспечивающих успех космического полета: Peter M. Madsen and Vinit Desai, "Failing to Learn? The Effects of Failure and Success on Organizational Learning in the Global Orbital Launch Vehicle Industry," Academy of Management Journal 53 (2010): 451–76.
нужна не меньше, чем людям: Trenton A. Williams, Daniel A. Gruber, Kathleen M. Sutcliffe, et al., "Organizational Response to Adversity: Fusing Crisis Management and Resilience Research Streams," Academy of Management Annals (в печати).
компаний, которые продолжали работать: Edie Lutnick, An Unbroken Bond: The Untold Story of How the 658 Cantor Fitzgerald Families Faced the Tragedy of 9/11 and Beyond (New York: Emergence Press, 2011).
была размещена такая доска: "We Asked People Tell Us Their Biggest Regrets – But What They All Had Common Was Heartbreaking," A Plus, January 22, 2016: http://aplus.com/a/clean-slate-blackboard-experiment.
мы обычно начинаем жалеть об упущенных: Thomas Gilovich and Victoria Husted Medvec, "The Experience of Regret: What, When, and Why," Psychological Review 102 (1995): 379–95.
конференции по заболеваемости и смертности: Patrice Franois, Frdric Prate, Gwenalle Vidal-Trecan, et al., "Characteristics of Morbidity and Mortality Conferences Associated with the Implementation of Patient Safety Improvement Initiatives, An Observational Study," BMC Health Services Research 16 (2015), http://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-016-1279-8; Juliet Higginson, Rhiannon Walters, and Naomi Fulop, "Mortality and Morbidity Meetings: An Untapped Resource for Improving the Governance of Patient Safety?" BMJ Quality and Safety 21 (2012): 1–10.
Если люди чувствуют, что говорить об ошибках безопасно: Amy C. Edmondson, "Learning from Mistakes Is Easier Said Than Done: Group and Organizational Influences on the Detection and Correction of Human Error," The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 32 (1996): 5–28.
более честными при написании автобиографий: Melanie Stefan, "A CV of Failures," Nature 468 (2010): 467; Johannes Haushofer CV, по состоянию на 15 декабря 2016 г.: www.princeton.edu/~joha.
Kind Design: Jack Deming, "Native Son Suffers Loss from Western Mountain Flooding," The Deerfield Valley News, 2013: www.dvalnews.com/view/full_story_obits/23695561/article-Native-son-suffers-loss-from-western-mountain-flooding.
Команды, сосредоточившиеся на обучении на неудачах: Cathy van Dyck, Michael Frese, Markus Baer, and Sabine Sonnentag, "Organizational Error Management Culture and Its Impact on Performance: A Two-Study Replication," Journal of Applied Psychology 90 (2005): 1228–40.
напрашиваться на комплименты – значит вредить: Susan J. Ashford, Ruth Blatt, and Don VandeWalle, "Reflections on the Looking Glass: A Review of Research on Feedback-Seeking Behavior in Organizations," Journal of Management 29 (2003): 773–99. Многие люди опасаются просить об отзывах, потому что боятся, что информация подчеркнет их слабые стороны. Эти страхи неоправданны: просьба о критике обычно приводит к более позитивным оценкам со стороны коллег, занимающих разные по уровню должности.
он стал лучшим профессором Уортона: https://mba-inside.wharton.upenn.edu/class-of-1984-awardees/ и https://mba-inside.wharton.upenn.edu/excellence-in-teaching-class-of-1984-awards.
«У лучших спортсменов и певцов есть тренеры»: Atul Gawande, "The Coach in the Operating Room," The New Yorker, October 3, 2011: www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/03/personal-best.
«Теперь мы всегда будем больше половины»: Theo Epstein, цит. по: Bill Pennington, "Cubs' Theo Epstein Is Making Lightning Strike Twice," The New York Times, September 29, 2016: www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/sports/baseball/theo-epstein-chicago-cubs-boston-red-sox-world-series.html.
«После каждой полученной вами плохой отметки»: Douglas Stone and Sheila Heen, Thanks for the Feedback: The Science and Art of Receiving Feedback Well (New York: Viking, 2014).
одно-единственное предложение может сделать людей более открытыми: David S. Yeager, Valerie Purdie-Vaughns, Julio Garcia, et al., "Breaking the Cycle of Mistrust: Wise Interventions to Provide Critical Feedback Across the Racial Divide," Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 143 (2014): 804–24.
брак повышает средний уровень счастья: Richard E. Lucas, Andrew E. Clark, Yannis Georgellis, and Ed Diener, "Reexamining Adaptation and the Set Point Model of Happiness: Reactions to Changes in Marital Status," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 (2003): 527–39. К тому же пары, которые впоследствии развелись, ощущали себя менее счастливыми уже перед свадьбой, а после развода их уровень счастья возрастал.
люди, выбравшие одиночество: Richard E. Lucas and Portia S. Dyrenforth, "The Myth of Marital Bliss?" Psychological Inquiry 16 (2005): 111–15; Maike Luhmann, Wilhelm Hofmann, Michael Eid, and Richard E. Lucas, "Subjective Well-Being and Adaptation to Life Events: A Meta-Analysis," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102 (2012): 592–615.
«Одиночки – жертвы стереотипов»: Bella DePaulo, Singled Out: How Singles Are Stereotyped, Stigmatized, and Ignored, and Still Live Happily Ever After (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2006).
«Можете обвинять меня, если хотите»: Aaron Ben-Zev, "Love After Death: The Widows' Romantic Predicaments," The Center for Behavioral Health, April 12, 2012: www.njpsychologist.com/blog/love-after-death-the-widows-romantic-predicaments/.
после смерти супруги мужчины находят себе новых спутниц чаще: Deborah Carr, "The Desire to Date and Remarry Among Older Widows and Widowers," Journal of Marriage and Family 66 (2004): 1051–68; Danielle S. Schneider, Paul A. Sledge, Stephen R. Schuchter, and Sidney Zisook, "Dating and Remarriage over the First Two Years of Widowhood," Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 8 (1996): 51–57; Karin Wolff and Camille B. Wortman, "Psychological Consequences of Spousal Loss Among Older Adults," in Spousal Bereavement in Late Life, ed. Deborah S. Carr, Randolph M. Nesse, and Camille B. Wortman (New York: Springer, 2005).
во многих странах: Kevin Kinsella and Victoria Averil Velkoff, "An Aging World: 2001," U.S. Census Bureau, Series P95/01-1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2001).
В некоторых районах Индии: Nilanjana Bhowmick, "If You're an Indian Widow, Your Children Could Kick You Out and Take Everything," Time, October 7, 2013: http://world.time.com/2013/10/07/if-youre-an-indian-widow-your-children-could-kick-you-out-and-take-everything/.
В некоторых нигерийских деревнях: Osai Ojigho, "Scrape Her Head and Lay Her Bare: Widowhood Practices and Culture," Gender Across Borders, October 28, 2011: www.genderacrossborders.com/2011/10/28/scrape-her-head-and-lay-her-bare-widowhood-practices-and-culture/.
Дискриминацию вдов отмечают: Haider Rizvi, "RIGHTS: Mistreatment of Widows a Poorly Kept Secret," IPS, June 23, 2008: www.ipsnews.net/2008/06/rights-mistreatment-of-widows-a-poorly-kept-secret/.
Во многих странах вдовам сложно: Mary Kimani, "Women Struggle to Secure Land Rights," Africa Renewal, April 2008: www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/april-2008/women-struggle-secure-land-rights; UN Women, "Empowering Widows: An Overview of Policies and Programs in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka," по состоянию на 15 декабря 2016 г.: www.2unwomen.org/~/media/field%20office%20eseasia/docs/publications/2015/09/final_empowering%20widows_report%202014.pdf?v=1&d=20150908T104700.
блог Абеля Кеоха: www.abelkeogh.com/blog.
При сканировании мозга влюбленных людей: См.: Arthur Aron, Helen Fisher, Debra J. Mashek, et al., "Reward, Motivation, and Emotion Systems Associated with Early-Stage Intense Romantic Love," Journal of Neurophysiology 94 (2005): 327–37; Helen Fisher, Arthur Aron, and Lucy L. Brown, "Romantic Love: An fMRI Study of a Neural Mechanism for Mate Choice," The Journal of Comparative Neurology 493 (2005): 58–62.
Когда мы влюбляемся: Arthur Aron, Meg Paris, and Elaine N. Aron, "Falling in Love: Prospective Studies of Self-Concept Change," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (1995): 1102–12; Elaine N. Aron and Arthur Aron, "Love and the Expansion of the Self: The State of the Model," Personal Relationships 3 (1996): 45–58.
После операций пациенты, которые смотрят комедии: James Rotton and Mark Shats, "Effects of State Humor, Expectancies, and Choice on Postsurgical Mood and Self-Medication: A Field Experiment," Journal of Applied Social Psychology 26 (1996): 1775–94. Это происходит в тех случаях, когда они знают о положительном влиянии юмора на здоровье и сами выбирают фильм.
Солдаты, которые любят пошутить: Smadar Bizi, Giora Keinan, and Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi, "Humor and Coping with Stress: A Test Under Real-Life Conditions," Personality and Individual Differences 9 (1988): 951–56.
Люди, способные смеяться: Dacher Keltner and George A. Bonanno, "A Study of Laughter and Dissociation: Distinct Correlates of Laughter and Smiling During Bereavement," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 (1997): 687–702.
У пар, которые смеются вместе: John Mordechai Gottman and Robert Wayne Levenson, "The Timing of Divorce: Predicting When a Couple Will Divorce over a 14-Year Period," Journal of Marriage and Family 62 (2000): 737–45.
юмор понижает частоту сердечных сокращений: Michelle Gayle Newman and Arthur A. Stone, "Does Humor Moderate the Effects of Experimentally-Induced Stress?" Annals of Behavioral Medicine 18 (1996): 101–9.
«если вы можете сделать их нелепыми»: Mel Brooks, цит. по: Forrest Wickman, "Watch the New Documentary About Mel Brooks," Slate, May 28, 2013: www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/05/28/_mel_brooks_make_a_noise_the_pbs_american_masters_documentary_is_now_available.html.
Шутки – обычное дело на похоронах: Blake E. Ashforth and Glen E. Kreiner, " 'How Can You Do It?' Dirty Work and the Challenge of Constructing a Positive Identity," Academy of Management Review 24 (1999): 413–34.
«Он вовсе не потерялся»: "Tragicomedia with Comic Janice Messitte on Being a Newly Wedded Widow," Art for Your Sake, March 20, 2014: http://artforyoursake.com/tragicomedia-with-comic-janice-messitte-on-being-a-newly-wedded-widow/.
«Смерть – это конец жизни»: Robert Woodruff Anderson, I Never Sang for My Father (New York: Random House, 1968).
когда люди влюбляются: Anita L. Vangelisti and Daniel Perlman, eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
сто тридцать пар новобрачных пригласили: John M. Gottman, James Coan, Sybil Carrere, and Catherine Swanson, "Predicting Marital Happiness and Stability from Newlywed Interactions," Journal of Marriage and Family 60 (1998): 5–22; John Gottman, The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000).
определяет стойкие отношения: Jane E. Dutton and Emily Heaphy, "The Power of High-Quality Connections," in Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline, ed. Kim S. Cameron, Jane E. Dutton, and Robert E. Quinn (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2003).
пары нередко замечают, что огонек угас: Arthur Aron, Christina C. Norman, Elaine N. Aron, et al., "Couples' Shared Participation in Novel and Arousing Activities and Experienced Relationship Quality," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (2000): 273–84.
В парах, чей брак сохранился: John M. Gottman, Janice Driver, and Amber Tabares, "Repair During Marital Conflict in Newlyweds: How Couples Move from Attack-Defend to Collaboration," Journal of Family Psychotherapy 26 (2015): 85–108.
Всего трех записей, на каждую из которых отводилось семь минут: Eli J. Finkel, Erica B. Slotter, Laura B. Luchies, et al., "A Brief Intervention to Promote Conflict Reappraisal Preserves Marital Quality over Time," Psychological Science 24 (2013): 1595–601.
«Я не буду шокировать вас»: Allen Rucker, The Best Seat in the House: How I Woke Up One Tuesday and Was Paralyzed for Life (New York: Harper-Collins, 2007).
Иллюстрации
1. «Нет, это слон»: J. B. Handelsman, The New Yorker Collection / The Cartoon Bank.
2. Карточки эмпатии использованы с разрешения Emily McDowell Studio.
3. «Странно, я здесь, в комнате, но никто этого не признает»: Leo Cullum, The New Yorker Collection / The Cartoon Bank.
4. «Джошуа и Кейла», Тимоти Чамберс.
5. Доска сожалений: "We Asked People to Tell Us Their Biggest Regrets – But What They All Had in Common Was Heartbreaking," A Plus, January 22, 2016: http://aplus.com/a/clean-slate-blackboard-experiment.
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