Ìèêðîáû õîðîøèå è ïëîõèå. Íàøå çäîðîâüå è âûæèâàíèå â ìèðå áàêòåðèé Ñàêñ Äæåññèêà
46 R. Maldonado-Lopez et al., “CD8 Subclasses of Dendritic Cells Direct the Development of Distinct T Helper Cells In Vivo”, Journal of Experimental Medicine 189 (1999), 587–592.
47 Akiko Iwasaki, Ruslan Medzhitov, “Toll-like Receptor Control of the Adaptive Immune Responses”, Nature Immunology 5 (2004), 987–995.
48 Daniel Hawiger et al., “Dendritic Cells Induce Peripheral T-cell Unresponsiveness Under Steady State Conditions In Vivo”, Journal of Experimental Medicine 194 (2001), 769–779.
49 Ralph Steinman et al., “Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells”, Annual Review of Immunology 21 (2003), 685–711.
50 Ralph Steinman et al., “Dendritic Cells Function In Vivo During the Steady-State: A Role in Peripheral Tolerance”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 987 (2003), 15–27.
51 Stock et al., “Induction of T Helper Type 1-like Regulatory Cells”.
52 Holden Maecker et al., “Vaccination with Allergin-IL-18 Fusion DNA Protects Against, and Reverses Established, Airway Hyperreactivity in a Murine Asthma Model”, Journal of Immunology 166 (2001), 959–965.
53 Braun-Fahrlnder et al., “Environmental Exposure to Endotoxin”.
54 Waltraud Eder et al., “Toll-like Receptor 2 as a Major Gene for Asthma in Children of European Farmers”, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 113 (2004), 482–488.
55 John M. Grange, “Effective Vaccination Against Tuberculosis – A New Ray of Hope”, Clinical and Experimental Immunology 120 (2000), 232–234.
56 Christian Lienhardt, Alimuddin Zumla, “BCG: The Story Continues”, Lancet 366 (2005), 1414–1416.
57 G. M. Bahr et al., “Two Potential Improvements to BCG and Their Effect on Skin Test Reactivity in the Lebanon”, Tubercle 67 (1986), 205–216; John Stanford, “Improving on BCG”, Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica 99 (1991), 103–113.
58 G. D. Prema et al., “A Preliminary Report on the Immunotherapy of Psoriasis”, Indian Medical Gazette 124 (1990), 381–382.
59 G. B. Marks et al., “The Effect of Neonatal BCG Vaccination on Atopy and Asthma at Age 7 to 14 Years: An Historical Cohort Study in a Community with a Very Low Prevalence of Tuberculosis Infection and a High Prevalence of Atopic Disease”, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 111 (2003), 541–549; C. B. Saanjeevi et al., “BCG Vaccination and GAD65 and IA-2 Autoantibodies in Auto-immune Diabetes in Southern India”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 958 (2002), 293–296; Ramesh Bhonde and Pradeep Prab, “Can We Say Bye to BCG?” Current Science 77 (1999), 1283.
60 A. B. Alexandroff et al., “BCG Immunotherapy of Bladder Cancer: 20 Years On”, Lancet 9165 (1999), 1689–1694.
61 Ñóäÿ ïî îáçîðó ìåäèöèíñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 1999 ã., èñïîëüçîâàíèå âàêöèíû Êîóëè îáåñïå÷èâàëî óðîâåíü êîýôôèöèåíòà âûæèâàåìîñòè, ñðàâíèìûé ñ òåì, êîòîðîãî äîáèâàëèñü îíêîëîãè, ëå÷èâøèå òå æå ðàçíîâèäíîñòè îïóõîëåé ñîâðåìåííûìè ìåòîäàìè. Stephen Hoption Cann et al., “Dr. William Coley and Tumour Regression, a Place in History or in the Future”, Postgraduate Medicine 79 (2003), 672–680.
62 Mary Ann Richardson et al, “Coley Toxins Immunotherapy, a Retrospective Review”, Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 5 (1999), 42–47.
63 Àëëåðãèÿ è àñòìà: L. Camporota et al., “Effects of Intradermal Injection of SRL 172 on Allergen-Induced Airway Responses and IL-5 Generation by PBMC in Asthma”, Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 161 (2000); Peter Arkwright et al., “Intradermal Administration of a Killed Mycobacterium vaccae Suspension (SRL 172) Is Associated with Improvement in Atopic Dermatitis in Children with Moderate-to-Severe Disease”, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 107 (2001), 531–534; L. Camporota et al., “The Effects of Mycobacterium vaccae on Allergen-Induced Airway Responses in Atopic Asthma”, European Respiratory Journal 21 (2003), 287293. Ðàê: L. Assersohn et al, “A Randomised Pilot Study of SRL 172 (Mycobacterium vaccae) in Patients with Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Chemotherapy”, Clinical Oncology 14 (2002), 23–27; R. Mendes et al., “Clinical and Immunological Assessment of Mycobacterium vaccae (SRL 172) with Chemotherapy in Patients with Malignant Mesethelioma”, British Journal of Cancer 86 (2002), 336–341; S. Nicholson et al., “A Randomized Phase II Trials of SRL 172 (Mycobacterium vaccae) +/– Low-Dose Interleukin-2 in the Treatment of Metastatic Malignant Melanoma”, Melanoma Research 13 (2003), 389–393; A. Maraveyas et al., “Possible Improved Survival of Patients with Stage IV AJCC Melanoma Receiving SRL 172 Immunotherapy: Correlation with Induction of Increased Levels of Intracellular Interleukin-2 in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes”, Annals of Oncology 10 (1999), 817–824; P. M. Patel et al., “An Evaluation of a Preparation of Mycobacterium vaccae (SRL172) as an Immunotherapeutic Agent in Renal Cancer”, European Journal of Cancer 44 (2008), 216–223.
64 The Dirt Vaccine (äîêóìåíòàëüíûé ôèëüì, ïîêàçàííûé Áè-áè-ñè â 2002 ã.), ñåðèÿ The Edge Series: Health and Medicine, Eco Services Film; Garry Hamilton, “Let Them Eat Dirt”, New Scientist, July 18, 1998; Susan McCarthy, “Talking Dirty and Bring on the Germs”, salon.com, April 2000.
65 Mary O’Brien et al., “SRL172 (Killed Mycobacterium vaccae) in Addition to Standard Chemotherapy Improves Quality of Life Without Affecting Survival, in Patients with Advanced Non-small-cell Lung Cancer: Phase III Results”, Annals of Oncology 15 (2004), 906–914.
66 John Stanford et al., “Successful Immunotheapy with Mycobacterium vaccae in the Treatment of Adenocarcinoma of the Lung”, European Journal of Cancer 44 (2008), 224–227.
67 11 àïðåëÿ 2001 ã. ñòîèìîñòü àêöèé SR Pharma óïàëà íà 76,9 %. Ýòî áûëî ñàìîå ñèëüíîå ïàäåíèå çà ýòîò äåíü ïî äàííûì èíäåêñà FTSE 100.
68 National Sweet Itch Centre, “Studies on the Prevention and Treatment of Sweet-Itch”, www.sweet-itch.co.uk/ trials.html.
69 Íåîïóáëèêîâàííûå äàííûå: John Stanford, Graham McIntyre (Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, University College London), 2006.
70 Claudia Zuany-Amorin et al., “Suppression of Airway Eosinophilia by Killed Mycobacterium vaccae-lnduced Allergen-Specific Regulatory T-cells”, Nature Medicine 8 (2002), 625–629; Victoria Adams et al., “Mycobacterium vaccae Induces a Population of Pulmonary CDiic (+) Cells with Regulatory Potential in Allergic Mice”, European Journal of Immunology 34 (2004), 631–638.
71 Íåîïóáëèêîâàííûå äàííûå: Graham Rook, 2006.
72 Fawziah Marra et al., “Does Antibiotic Exposure During Infancy Lead to Development of Asthma? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (of Seven Studies)”, Chest 129 (2006), 610–618.
73 Mairi Noverr et al., “Development of Allergic Airway Disease in Mice Following Antibiotic Therapy and Fungal Microbiota Increase: Role of Host Genetics, Antigen, and Interleukin-13”, Infection and Immunity 73 (2005), 30–38; Mairi Noverr, Gary Huffnagle, “Does the Microbiota Regulate Immune Responses Outside the Gut?” Trends in Microbiology 12 (2004), 562–568; Mairi Noverr, Gary Huffnagle, “Role of Antibiotics and Fungal Microbiota in Driving Pulmonary Allergic Responses”, Infection and Immunity 72 (2004), 4996–5003.
74 B. Laubereau et al., “Caesarean Section and Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Atopic Dermatitis, and Sensitisation During the First Year of Life”, Archives of Diseases of Children 89 (2004), 993–997.
75 A. C. Ouwehand et al., “Differences in Bifidobacterium Flora Composition in Allergic and Healthy Infants”, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 108 (2001), 144–145.
76 B. Bjrksten et al., “The Intestinal Microflora in Allergic Estonian and Swedish Infants”, Clinical and Experimental Allergy 29 (1999), 342346; E. Sepp et al., “Intestinal Microflora of Estonian and Swedish Infants”, Acta Paediatrica 86 (1997), 956–961.
77 Anita van den Biggelaar et al., “Long-Term Treatment of Intestinal Helminths In creases Mite Skin-Test Reactivity in Gabonese Schoolchildren”, Journal of Infectious Diseases 189 (2004), 892–900.
78 R. W. Summers et al., “Trichuris suis Therapy in Crohn’s Disease”, Gut 54 (2005), 87–90.
79 Charlotte Schubert, “The Worm Has Turned”, Nature Medicine 10 (2004), 1204–1271.
80 Christopher Lowry, “Functional Subsets of Serotonergic Neurones”, Journal of Neuroendocrinology 14 (2002), 911–923; Christopher
Lowry et al., “Modulation of Anxiety Circuits by Serotonergic Systems”, Stress 8 (2005), 233–246.
81 Rose-Marie Bluthe et al., “Central Injection of IL-10 Antagonizes the Behavioral Effects of Lipopolysaccharide in Rats”, Psychoneuroendocrinology 24 (1999), 301–311.
82 Marianne Wamboldt et al., “Familial Association Between Allergic Disorders and Depression in Adult Finnish Twins”, American Journal of Medical Genetics 96 (2000), 146–153.
83 M. Maes et al., “In Vitro Immunoregulatory Effects of Lithium in Healthy Volunteers”, Psychopharmacology 143 (1999), 401; Marta Kubera et al., “Anti-inflammatory Effects of Antidepressants Through Suppression of the Interferon-gamma / Interleukin-10 Production Ratio”, Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 21 (2001), 199–206; Brian Leonard, “The Immune System, Depression and the Action of Antidepressants”, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 25 (2001), 767–780; Sinead O’Brien et al.,
“Cytokines: Abnormalities in Major Depression and Implications for Pharmacological Treatment”, Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 19 (2004), 397–403; Nathalie Castanon et al., “Chronic Administration of Tianeptine Balances Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Expression of Cytokines in the Spleen and Hypothalamus of Rats”, Psychoneuroendocrinology 29 (2004), 778–790.
1 Ýïèãðàô: Tom Nugent, “Resistance Fighter”, Pennsylvania Gazette, September – October 2000.
2 “New Germ Strain Takes Heavy Toll”, New York Times, March 22, 1958, 19.
3 Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî 20–30 % èç íàñ – ïîñòîÿííûå íîñèòåëè îäíîãî èç øòàììîâ çîëîòèñòîãî ñòàôèëîêîêêà, æèâóùåãî ó íàñ â íîñîãëîòêå. Åùå 50–60 % ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ïîäõâàòûâàþò è âíîâü òåðÿþò òî îäèí, òî äðóãîé øòàìì ýòîãî ìèêðîáà. È ëèøü 10–20 % ñ÷àñòëèâöåâ îáõîäÿòñÿ ñîâñåì áåç íåãî. Èìåþòñÿ òàêæå äàííûå, óêàçûâàþùèå íà òî, ÷òî ýòà èçìåí÷èâîñòü ñâÿçàíà ñ âðîæäåííûìè ðàçëè÷èÿìè â èììóííûõ âåùåñòâàõ, ñîäåðæàùèõñÿ â âûäåëåíèÿõ íàøåãî íîñà. Ñì.: J. Kluytmans et al., “Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology, Underlying Mechanisms, and Associated Risks”, Clinical Microbiology Reviews 10 (1997), 505–520.
4  1957 è 1958 ãã. ìëàäåí÷åñêàÿ ñìåðòíîñòü â ÑØÀ âïåðâûå ñ 1936 ã. âîçðîñëà: ñî 108 000 ñìåðòåé (26,0 íà òûñÿ÷ó æèâûõ íîâîðîæäåííûõ) â 1956 ã. äî 112 000 (26,3 íà òûñÿ÷ó íîâîðîæäåííûõ) â 1957 ã. è 114 000 (27,1 íà òûñÿ÷ó) â 1958 ã. Çàòåì ýòîò ïîêàçàòåëü âíîâü íà÷àë ïîñòåïåííî ñíèæàòüñÿ è ñòàë íèæå, ÷åì áûë â 1956 ã., â 1961 ã. (25,3 íà òûñÿ÷ó). U. S. Census Bureau, Live Births, Deaths, Infant Deaths, and Maternal Deaths: 1900 to 2001, Statistical Abstract No. HS-13. (Ïî ñìåðòíîñòè, ñâÿçàííîé ñ îòäåëüíûìè ìèêðîáàìè, ñòàòèñòèêà îòñóòñòâóåò.)
5 M. Barber, “Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci”, Journal of Clinical Pathology 1 (1963), 308–311.
6 Èíòåðâüþ, âçÿòûå àâòîðîì ó Õàéíöà Àéõåíâàëüäà â ÿíâàðå 2005 ã. è â àâãóñòå 2006 ã.
7 Âñå áàêòåðèè, çà íåñêîëüêèìè íåîáû÷íûìè èñêëþ÷åíèÿìè, èìåþò êëåòî÷íóþ ñòåíêó îäíîãî èç äâóõ ãëàâíûõ òèïîâ. Êàêîãî èìåííî, ìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü ñ ïîìîùüþ ìèêðîñêîïà è ñïåöèàëüíîãî ìåòîäà îêðàøèâàíèÿ, êîòîðûé ðàçðàáîòàë äàòñêèé ôèçèîëîã XIX âåêà Ãàíñ Êðèñòèàí Ãðàì. Òàê íàçûâàåìûå ãðàìïîëîæèòåëüíûå áàêòåðèè, ïî ñóòè, îêðóæåíû òîëñòûì ñëîåì ÿ÷åèñòîãî âåùåñòâà ïåïòèäîãëèêàíà. Ó ãðàìîòðèöàòåëüíûõ áàêòåðèé òîæå åñòü ñòåíêà èç ïåïòèäîãëèêàíà, íî îíà íàìíîãî òîíüøå è îêðóæåíà äîïîëíèòåëüíîé íàðóæíîé ìåìáðàíîé èç ëèïîïîëèñàõàðèäîâ è ôîñôîëèïèäîâ.
8 Joshua Lederberg, Esther Lederberg, “Replica Plating and Indirect Selection of Bacterial Mutants”, Journal of Bacteriology 83 (1952), 399–406.
9 Edward Tatum, “Gene Recombination in Escherichia coli”, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia, June 1946; Edward latum and Joshua Lederberg, “Gene Recombination in the Bacterium Escherichia coli”, Journal of Bacteriology 53 (1947), 673–684.
10 Joshua Lederberg, Luigi Cavalli, Esther Lederberg, “Sexual Compatibility in Escherichia coli”, Genetics 37 (1952), 720–730.
11 Ââåäåííûé Ëåäåðáåðãîì òåðìèí “ïëàçìèäà”, îçíà÷àþùèé íàáîð âíåõðîìîñîìíûõ áàêòåðèàëüíûõ ãåíîâ, ïåðåêëèêàëñÿ ñ ââåäåííûì ðàíåå òåðìèíîì “ïëàçìàãåí”, îçíà÷àâøèì âíåõðîìîñîìíûå ãåíû, íàõîäÿùèåñÿ âíå ÿäðà, òî åñòü â öèòîïëàçìå, êëåòîê æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé. Ñì.: Joshua Lederberg, “Cell Genetics and Hereditary Symbiosis”, Physiological Review 32 (1952), 403–426.
12 Esther Lederberg, Joshua Lederberg, “Genetic Studies of Lysongenicity in Escherichia coli”, Genetics 38 (1953), 51–64.
13 Ôàã ëÿìáäà âïîñëåäñòâèè ñòàë “ðàáî÷åé ëîøàäüþ” ãííîé èíæåíåðèè. Åãî èñïîëüçóþò äëÿ ñîçäàíèÿ òðàíñãåííûõ ôîðì æèçíè, âûðåçàÿ ãåíû ó îäíîãî îðãàíèçìà è âñòðàèâàÿ èõ ñ ïîìîùüþ ýòîãî âèðóñà â äðóãîé.
14 Norton Zinder, Joshua Lederberg, “Infective Heredity in Bacteria”, Journal of Bacteriology 64 (1952), 679–699.
15 F. Griffith, “The Significance of Pneumococcal Types”, Journal of Hygiene. 27 (1928), 113–159.
16 Oswald Avery et al., “Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types”, Journal of Experimental Medicine 83 (1944), 89–96.
17  1958 ã. Äæîøóà Ëåäåðáåðã ðàçäåëèë ñ Äæîðäæåì Áèäëîì è Ýäóàðäîì Òåéòåìîì Íîáåëåâñêóþ ïðåìèþ çà ñâîè îòêðûòèÿ, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ãåíåòè÷åñêîé ðåêîìáèíàöèåé (òî åñòü “ïîëîâîé æèçíüþ”) áàêòåðèé.  1968 ã. Äæîøóà è Ýñòåð ðàçâåëèñü.  1978 ã. Äæîøóà ñòàë ïðåçèäåíòîì Ðîêôåëëåðîâñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà â Íüþ-Éîðêå. Ýñòåð îñòàëàñü ïðîôåññîðîì Ñòýíôîðäñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, ãäå ïîääåðæèâàëà êðóïíåéøóþ â ìèðå êîëëåêöèþ áàêòåðèàëüíûõ ïëàçìèä, âïëîòü äî 1999 ã., êîãäà ó íåå ñëó÷èëñÿ ñåðäå÷íûé ïðèñòóï, ñèëüíî ïîøàòíóâøèé åå çäîðîâüå. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, â ðàáîòàõ ïî èñòîðèè íàóêè âî ìíîãîì óìàë÷èâàåòñÿ òà íåìàëàÿ ðîëü, êîòîðóþ Ýñòåð ñûãðàëà â ýïîõàëüíûõ îòêðûòèÿõ ýòîé ñóïðóæåñêîé ïàðû. È Ýñòåð è Äæîøóà ëþáåçíî ñîãëàñèëèñü äàòü ìíå èíòåðâüþ äëÿ ýòîé êíèãè.
18 T. Watanabe, T. Eukasawa, “Episome-Mediated Transfer of Drug Resistance in Enterobacteriacea”, Journal of Bacteriology 81 (1961), 669–678.
19 K. Ochiai et al., “Studies on Inheritance of Drug Resistance Between Shigella Strains and Escherichia coli Strains”, Nihon Iji Shimpo 1861 (1959), 34–46 (íà ÿïîíñêîì ÿçûêå) è K. Ochiai et al., “Studies on the Mechanism of Development of Multiple Drug Resistant Shigella Strains”, Nihon Iji Shimpo 1866 (1960), 45–50 (íà ÿïîíñêîì ÿçûêå) öèòèðóþòñÿ ïî: Watanabe, Eukasawa, “Episome-Mediated Transfer”.
20  2011 ã. èññëåäîâàòåëè îòêðûëè ãðóïïó ãåíîâ óñòîé÷èâîñòè ê àíòèáèîòèêàì, ðàñïîëîæåííóþ ïîñðåäè òàê íàçûâàåìîãî “îñòðîâà ïàòîãåííîñòè” – îáøèðíîãî òðàíñïîçîíà, ïåðåäàþùåãî öåëûé ðÿä ïàòîãåííûõ ñâîéñòâ, òàêèõ êàê ðåçêî óñèëåííûé ñèíòåç òîêñèíîâ. Ñì.: S. N. Luck et al., “Ferric Dicitrate Transport System of Shigella flexneri 2a YSH6000 Is Encoded in a Novel Pathogenicity
Island Carrying Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Genes”, Infection and Immunology 69 (2001), 6012–6021.
21 L. M. Mundy et al., “Relationship Between Enterococcal Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance”, Clinical Microbiology Reviews (October 2000), 513–522.
22 Robert Weinstein, “Nosocomial Infection Update”, Emerging Infectious Diseases 4 (1998), 416–420.
23 ASM News, June 2004 (American Society for Microbiology).
24 R. Leclercq et al., “Plasmid-Mediated Resistance to Vancomycin and Teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium”, New England Journal of Medicine 319 (1988), 157–161.
25 “Nosocomial Enterococci Resistant to Vancomycin – United States, 1989–1993”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 42 (1993), 597–599.
26 “Staphylococcus aureus Resistant to Vancomycin – United States
2002”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, July 5, 2002.
27 “Brief Report: Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus – New York 2004”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, April 23, 2004.
28 Îêñàçîëèäèíîíû íå ïîçâîëÿþò áàêòåðèàëüíûì ðèáîñîìàì çàïóñêàòü ñèíòåç áåëêà, áëîêèðóÿ ïðèñîåäèíåíèå ê íèì ìîëåêóë ìàòðè÷íîé ÐÍÊ, â êîòîðûõ ñîäåðæàòñÿ èíñòðóêöèè, îïðåäåëÿþùèå ïîðÿäîê ïðèñîåäèíåíèÿ ðàçíûõ àìèíîêèñëîò äðóã ê äðóãó ïðè ñèíòåçå áåëêîâîé ìîëåêóëû.
29 Neil Woodford et al., “Detection of Oxazolidinone-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Strains by Real-Time PCR and PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis”, Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40 (2002), 4298–4300.
30 R. Devasia et al., “The First Reported Hospital Outbreak of Linezolid-Resistant Enterococcus: An Infection Control Problem Has Emerged”, Infectious Disease Society of America Meeting 2005, abstract 1079.
31 Curtis Donskey et al., “Effect of Parenteral Antibiotic Administration on Persistence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium in the Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract”, Clinical Infectious Disease 180 (1999),
384-390.
32 Curtis Donskey et al., “Effect of Antibiotic Therapy on the Density of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in the Stool of Colonized Patients”, New England Journal of Medicine 343 (2000), 1925–1932.
33 Michelle Hecker et al., “Unnecessary Use of Antimicrobials in Hospitalized Patients: Current Patterns of Misuse with an Emphasis on the Antianaerobic Spectrum of Activity”, Archives of Internal Medicine 163 (2003), 972–978.
34 “Severe Clostridium difficile – Associated Disease in Populations Previously at Low Risk – Four States, 2005”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly, December 2, 2005.
35 R. Viscidi et al., “Isolation Rates and Toxigenic Potential of Clostridium difficile Isolates from Various Patient Populations”, Gastroenterology 81 (1981), 5–9; L. V. McFarland et al., “Nosocomial Acquisition of Clostridium difficile Infection”, New England Journal of Medicine 320 (1989), 204–210.
36 Paul Byrne, “Toenail Surgery Nearly Killed Me, Jamie-Lee, 15, One of Youngest Victims”, Mirror [U. K.], August 30, 2005; “Hospital Blamed for Mum’s Horrible Death”, Windsor Express [U. K.], March 31, 2006.
37 Vivian Loo et al., “A Predominantly Clonal Multi-Institutional Outbreak of Clostridium difficile – Associated Diarrhea with High Morbidity and Mortality”, New England Journal of Medicine 353 (2005), 2442–2449.
38 L. Clifford McDonald et al., “An Epidemic, Toxin Gene-Variant Strain of Clostridium difficile”, New England Journal of Medicine 353 (2005), 2433–2441.
39 Carlene Muto et al., “A Large Outbreak of Clostridium difficile – Associated Disease with an Unexpected Proportion of Deaths and Colectomies at a Teaching Hospital Following Increased Fluoroquinolone Use”, Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology 3 (2005), 273–280.
40 Luis Fabregas, “Superbug Infecting Area Patients”, Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, October 29, 2005.
41 “Severe Clostridium difficile Associated Disease in Populations Previously at Low Risk – Four States, 2005”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, December 2, 2005.
42 Yves Gillet et al., “Association Between Staphylococcus aureus Strains Carrying Gene for Panton-Valentine Leukocidin and Highly Lethal Necrotising Pneumonia in Young Immunocompetent Patients”, Lancet 359 (2002), 753–759.
43 Àéçåê Ñòàðð (Isaac Starr), â 1918 ã. – ñòóäåíò-ìåäèê òðåòüåãî êóðñà Ïåíñèëüâàíñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, öèòèðóåòñÿ ïî ñòàòüå: “Influenza in 1918: Recollection of the Epidemic in Philadelphia”, Annals of Internal Medicine 145 (2006), 138–140.
44 Betsy Herold et al., “Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Children with No Identified Predisposing Risk”, Journal of the American Medical Association 279 (1998), 593–598.
45 “Four Pediatric Deaths from Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus – Minnesota and North Dakota, 1997–1999”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, August 20, 1999, 707–710.
46 Carlos Sattler et al., “Prospective Comparison of Risk Factors and Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Community-Acquired, Methicillin-Resistant versus Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Children”, Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 21 (2002), 910–916.
47 Sophia Kazakova et al., “A Clone of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Among Professional Football Players”, New England Journal of Medicine 352 (2005), 468–475.
48 D. A. Robinson et al., “Re-emergence of Early Pandemic Staphylococcus aureus as a Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Clone”, Lancet 365 (2005), 1256–1258.
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57 Âèäîâîå íàçâàíèå thetaiotaomicron, êîòîðîå ìíîãèå áàêòåðèîëîãè ñ÷èòàþò îäíèì èç ñàìûõ óæàñíûõ, ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé êîìáèíàöèþ òðåõ ãðå÷åñêèõ áóêâ (òåòà, éîòà è îìèêðîí), êîòîðûå ïðèâèäåëèñü ðóìûíñêîìó áàêòåðèîëîãó Àðêàíäæåëî Äèñòàçî â 1912 ã., êîãäà îí, ãëÿäÿ â ìèêðîñêîï, óâèäåë íàãðîìîæäåíèå êîðîòêèõ è äëèííûõ ïàëî÷åê, âûðîñøèõ â êóëüòóðå îòêðûòîãî èì âèäà. Ñì.: A. Distaso, Zentralblatt fr Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten, und Hygiene. Abteilung I. 62 (1912) 433468. “Î ÷åì èñòîðèÿ óìàë÷èâàåò, – äîáàâëÿåò Àáèãàéëü Ñýëüåðñ, – ýòî íå áûëî ëè ïðèäóìàííîå èì íàçâàíèå âäîõíîâëåíî ïîñåùåíèåì áëèæàéøåé ïèâíîé”. Áîëüøèíñòâî ìèêðîáèîëîãîâ, ðàáîòàþùèõ ñ ýòèì âèäîì, íå áåç îñíîâàíèé íàçûâàþò åãî òàê ëèøü â ñâîèõ íàó÷íûõ òðóäàõ, à âî âñåõ îñòàëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ èñïîëüçóþò ñîêðàùåííîå íàèìåíîâàíèå B. theta.
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63 Õèìè÷åñêîå íàçâàíèå ñèíåðöèäà – õèíóïðèñòèí-äàëüôîïðèñòèí, òèãàöèëà – òèãåöèêëèí, êóáèöèíà – äàïòîìèöèí.
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