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47.�B. Palmer, "Roll Over! Shake! Smell This Mole!" Slate, May 27, 2014, http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/ medical_examiner/2014/05/cancer_sniffng_dogs_ can_dogs_detect_and_screen_for_disease.html.

48.�"Electronic Nose Sniffs Out Prostate Cancer Using Urine Samples," eHealth News, May 13, 2014, http://www.ehea lthnews.eu/research/3929 -electronic-nose-sniffs-out-prostate-cancer-using-urine-samples.

49.�A. Zimm, "Canines' Cancer-Sniffng Snouts Showing 90�%-Plus Accuracy," Bloomberg, May 18, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-18/canines-cancer-sniffng-snouts-offer-new-testing-option.html.

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51.�V. Combs, "Physicist Building Nanotech Sensor to Track Your Health Through Your Breath," MedCity News, September 10, 2013, http://medcitynews.com/2013/09/physicist-building-nanotech-sensor-to-track-your-health-through-your-breath/print/.

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53.�W. Jia et al., "Electrochemical Tattoo Biosensors for Real-Time Noninvasive Lactate Monitoring in Human Perspiration," Analytical Chemistry 85 (2013): 6553�6560.

54.�K. Belson, "New Tests for Brain Trauma Create Hope, and Skepticism," New York Times, December 26, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/26/sports/football/new-tests-for-brain-trauma-create-hope-and-skepticism.html.

55.�G. Poste, "Bring on the Biomarkers," Nature 469 (2011): 156�157.

56.�T. T. Ruckh and H. A. Clark, "Implantable Nanosensors: Toward Continuous Physiologic Monitoring," Analytical Chemistry 86, no. 3 (2013): 1314�1323.

57.�S. Johnson, "Someday Electronic Devices Could Be On or Inside People," Seattle Times, December 24, 2013, http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/ 2022524089_implanttechxml.html.

58.�B. S. Ferguson et al., "Real-Time, Aptamer-Based Tracking of Circulating Therapeutic Agents in Living Animals," Science Translational Medicine 5, no. 213 (2013): 213ra165.

59.�Y. Ling et al., "Implantable Magnetic Relaxation Sensors Measure Cumulative Exposure to Cardiac Biomarkers," Nature Biotechnology 29 (2011): 273�272.

60.�T.-I. Kim et al., "Injectable, Cellular-Scale Optoelectronics with Applications for Wireless Optogenetics," Science 340 (2013): 211�216.

61.�"Nanotube-Based Sensors Can Be Implanted Under the Skin for a Year," Nanowerk, November 3, 2013, http://www.nanowerk.com/news2/newsid=33040.php.

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63.�R. Smith-Bindman et al., "Use of Diagnostic Imaging Studies and Associated Radiation Exposure for Patients Enrolled in Large Integrated Health Care Systems, 1996�2010," Journal of the American Medical Association 302, no. 22 (2012): 2400�2409.

64.�B. Owens, "Enhanced Medical Vision," Nature 502 (2013): S82�S83.

65.�D. L. Miglioretti et al., "The Use of Computed Tomography in Pediatrics and the Associated Radiation Exposure and Estimated Cancer Risk," JAMA Pediatrics 167, no. 8 (2013): 700�707.

66.�R. F. Redberg and R. Smith-Bindman, "We Are Giving Ourselves Cancer," New York Times, January 31, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/31/opinion/we-are-giving-ourselves-cancer.html.

67.�C. Libov, "Radiation from Needless Medical Tests Can Give You Cancer," Newsmax Health, April 24, 2012, http://www.newsmax-health.net/headline_health/ radiation_medical_tests_/2012/04/24/446984.html.

68.�C. K. Cassel and J. A. Guest, "Choosing Wisely Helping Physicians and Patients Make Smart Decisions About Their Care," Journal of the American Medical Association 307, no. 17 (2012): 1801�1802.

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71.�L. T. Krogsbll et al., "General Health Checks in Adults for Reducing Morbidity and Mortality from Disease: Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," British Medical Journal 345 (2012): e7191.

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73.�L. M. Schwartz and S. Woloshin, "Endless Screenings Don't Bring Everlasting Health," New York Times, April 17, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/17/health/views/endless-screenings-dont-bring-everlasting-health.html.

74.�B. L. Jacobs et al., "Use of Advanced Treatment Technologies Among Men at Low Risk of Dying from Prostate Cancer," Journal of the American Medical Association 309, no. 24 (2013): 2587�2595.

75.�"Simple Treatments, Ignored," New York Times, September 9, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/09/opinion/sunday/simple-treatments-ignored.html.

76.�J. H. Wasfy, "Sometimes 'Unnecessary' Medical Tests Save Lives," Washington Post, October 3, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/sometimes-unnecessary-medical-tests-save-lives/2013/10/03/74777dce-27b6-11e3-b75d-5b7f66349852_story.html.

77.�E. Rosenthal, "Let's (Not) Get Physicals," New York Times, June 3, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/sunday-review/lets-not-get-physicals.html.

78.�"Heart R hythm Society's Choosing Wisely List Disappoints," Medscape, February 12, 2014, http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/820477.

79.�E. Picano et al., "The Appropriate and Justified Use of Medical Radiation in Cardiovascular Imaging: A Position Document of the ESC Associations of Cardiovascular Imaging, Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions and Electrophysiology," European Heart Journal 35, no. 10 (2014): 665�672.

80.�P. Kassing and R. Duszak, "Repeat Medical Imaging: A Classification System for Meaningful Policy Analysis and Research," Neiman Report, February 2013, http://www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/PDF/Research/Brief 02/PolicyBrief HPI012013.pdf.

81.�A. J. Einstein et al., "Patient-Centered Imaging: Shared Decision Making for Cardiac Imaging Procedures with Exposure to Ionizing Radiation," Journal of the American College of Cardiology 63, no.15 (2013): 1480�1489.

82.�A. M. Seaman, "Doctors Don't Often Tell Patients of CT Scan Risks," Reuters, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/assets/print?aid=USBRE92316120130304.

83.�G. Schwitzer, "When Doctors Don't Discuss Harms of Screening Tests with Patients," Health News Review, October 22, 2013, http://www.healthnewsreview.org/2013/10/when-doctors-dont-discuss-harms-of-screening-tests-with-patients/.

84.�L. Landro, "New Tracking of a Patient's Radiation Exposure," Wall Street Journal, May 21, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014241 27887324767004578489413973896412.html.

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86.�H. G. Welch, "Breast Cancer Screenings: What We Still Don't Know," New York Times, December 30, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/30/opinion/breast-cancer-screenings-what-we-still-dont-know.html.

87.�G. Kolata, "Vast Study Casts Doubts on Value of Mammograms," New York Times, February 12,�2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/12/health/study-adds-new-doubts-about-value-of-mammograms.html.

88.�A. Bleyer and H. G. Welch, "Effect of Three Decades of Screening Mammography on Breast� Cancer Incidence," New England Journal of Medicine 367, no. 21 (2012): 1998�2005.

89.�J. G. Elmore and C. P. Gross, "The Cost of Breast Cancer Screening in the United States: A Picture Is Worth� a Billion Dollars?" Annals of Internal Medicine 160 (2014): 203�204.

90.�A. B. Miller et al., "Twenty-five Year Follow-Up for Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study: Randomised Screening Trial," British Medical Journal 348 (2014): g366.

91.�J. A. Paulos, "Weighing the Positives," Scientific American, December 28, 2011, http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/ v306/n1/full/scientificamerican0112-20.html.

92.�N. Biller-Andorno and P. Jni, "Abolishing Mammography Screening Programs? A View from the Swiss Medical Board," New England Journal of Medicine 340, no. 21 (2014): 1965�1967.

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94.�J. C. Dooren and R. Winslow, "U.S. Panel Recommends Lung-Cancer Screening," Wall Street Journal, December 30, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB100014 24052702304591604579290843407880628.

95.�D. V. Makarov et al., "Prostate Cancer Imaging Trends After a Nationwide Effort to Discourage Inappropriate Prostate Cancer Imaging," Journal of the National Cancer Institute 105, no. 17 (2013):1306�1313.

96.�J. Dorrier, "California Startup, Tribogenics, Develops Smart Phone Sized Portable X-Ray Machines," Singularity Hub, November 16, 2013, http://singularityhub.com/2013/11/16/southern-california-startup-tribogenics-develops-smart-phone-sized-portable-x-ray-machines/.

97.�J. B. Haun et al., "Micro-NMR for Rapid Molecular Analysis of Human Tumor Samples," Science Translational Medicine 3, no. 71 (2011): 1�14.

98.�N. Ungerleider, "An X-Ray Machine the Size of an iPhone That Looks Like a Star Trek Tricorder," Fast Company, December 8, 2011, http://www.fastcompany.com/1799596/x-ray-machine-size-iphone-looks-star-trek-tricorder.

99.�P. Gwynne, "Seeing into the Future," Nature 502 (2013): S96 �S97.

100.�M. Kaku, Physics of the Futue (Toronto, Canada: Doubleday, 2011), 60�62.

101.�Ibid., 60.

102.�Ibid., 62.

103.�M. J. Leibo et al., "Is Pocket Mobile Echocardiography the Next-Generation Stethoscope? A Cross-sectional Comparison of Rapidly Acquired Images With Standard Transthoracic Echocardiography," Annals of Internal Medicine 155, no. 1 (2011): 33�38.

104.�S. D. Solomon and F. Saldana, "Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Medical Education�� Stop Listening and Look," New England Journal of Medicine 370 (2014): 1083�1085.

105.�A. Flint, "Patients Should Be Able to Share Their Medical Imaging Studies," neuroicudoc, August 21, 2013, http://www.neuroicudoc.com/2013/08/patients-should-be-able-to-share-their.html.

106.�J. Lee, "Share Ware," Modern Healthcare, November 24, 2012, http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20121124/ MAGAZINE/311249953/?template=printpicart.

107.�A. J. Johnson et al., "Access to Radiologic Reports via a Patient Portal: Clinical Simulations to Investigate Patient Preferences," Journal of the American College of Radiology 9, no. 4 (2012): 256�263.

108.�A. Eisenberg, "Those Scan Results Are Just an App Away," New York Times, October 16, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/16/business/medical-apps-to-assist-with-diagnoses-cleared-by-fda.html.

109.�D. McCormick et al., "Giving Offce-Based Physicians Electronic Access to Patients' Prior Imaging and Lab Results Did Not Deter Ordering of Tests," Health Affairs 31, no. 3 (2012): 488�496.

110.�T. McMahon, "The Smartphone Will See You Now: How Apps and Social Media Are Revolutionizing Medicine," Macleans, March 4, 2013, http://www2.macleans.ca/2013/03/04/the-smartphone-will-see-you-now.

111.�"Turning Mobile Phones into 3D Scanners," Computer Vision and Geometry Group, accessed August 13, 2014, http://cvg.ethz.ch/mobile/.

112.�J. Lademann, "Optical Methods of Imaging in the Skin," Journal of Biomedical Optics 18, no. 6 (2013): 061201-1.

113.�W. Sohn et al., "Endockscope: Using Mobile Technology to Create Global Point of Service Endoscopy," Journal of Endourology 27, no. 9 (2013): 1154�1160.

114.�K. Streams, "How to Turn a Smartphone Into a Digital Microscope Using Inexpensive Materials," Laughing Squid, 2013, http://laughingsquid.com/how-to -turn-a-smartphone-into-a-digital-microscope-using-inexpensive-materials/.

����� 7

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����� 8

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