А был ли Иисус? Неожиданная историческая правда Эрман Барт
И все же ни добро во имя Христа, ни зло во имя Христа не имеют значение для меня как историка, когда я пытаюсь реконструировать события прошлого. Я отказываюсь приносить прошлое в жертву собственным социальным и политическим идеалам, сколь угодно достойным. И другим не следует этого делать.
А Иисус, нравится нам это или не нравится, существовал.
1
Подробнее о первых мифологистах см. в: Schweitzer, Quest, главы 22 и 23 (Швейцер добавил эти главы лишь после успеха первого издания книги). Также краток, но полезен обзор в: Archibald Robertson, Jesus: Myth or History? (London: Watts & Co., 1946). См. также Jonathan Z. Smith, Drudgery Divine (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), глава 1.
2
См. Schweitzer, Quest, глава 11.
3
J.M. Robertson, Christianity and Mythology (2nd ed.; London: Watts & Co., 1910).
4
См. Schweitzer, Quest, 381–389.
5
Robert M. Price, The Incredible Shrinking Son of Man: How Reliable Is the Gospel Tradition? (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2003); Price, The Christ-Myth Theory and Its Problems (Cranford, NJ: American Atheist Press, 2011).
6
Frank Zindler, Religions and Scriptures, vol. I of Through Atheist Eyes: Scenes from a World That Won’t Reason (Cranford, NJ: American Atheist Press, 2011)
7
Thomas L. Thompson, The Messiah Myth: The Near Eastern Roots of Jesus and David (New York: Basic Books, 2005).
8
A. Robertson, Jesus: Myth or History? 107.
9
George A. Wells, Did Jesus Exist? (2nd ed.; Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1986). См. также последующие его книги, в большинстве которых его аргументация не претерпевает сильных изменений и модификаций (см., однако, прим. 20): The Historical Evidence for Jesus (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1988); The Jesus Legend (Peru, IL: Carus, 1996); Cutting Jesus Down to Size: What Higher Criticism Has Achieved and Where It Leaves Christianity (Chicago: Open Court, 2009); “Is There Independent Confirmation of What the Gospels Say of Jesus?” Free Inquiry 31 (2011), 19–25.
10
A. Robertson, Jesus: Myth or History?
11
John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus (New York: Doubleday, 1991), 1:87.
12
I. Howard Marshall, I Believe in the Historical Jesus (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977). Впрочем, критика в этом абзаце дополнена пространным примечанием.
13
D.A. Murdock, The Christ Conspiracy: The Greatest Story Ever Sold (Kempton, IL: Adventures Unlimited, 1999).
14
Murdock, Christ Conspiracy, 21.
15
Timothy Freke & Peter Gandy, The Jesus Mysteries: Was the «Original Jesus» a Pagan God? (New York: Three Rivers Press, 1999), 2.
16
Robert Price, The Christ-Myth Theory and Its Problems (Cranford, NJ: American Atheist Press, 2011), 15.
17
См. Daniel Schwartz, «Pontius Pilate», Anchor Bible Dictionary, cd. David Noel Friedman (New York: Doubleday, 1992) 5:395–401.
18
William Harris, Ancient Literacy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1989).
19
Catherine Hezser, Jewish Literacy in Roman Palestine (Tbbingen: Mohr Siebeck 2001).
20
Об источниках евангелистов см. подробнее Bart D. Ehrman, The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings, 5th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), главы 8 и 12.
21
См. анализ в: John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew: Reconsidering the Historical Jesus (New York: Doubleday, 1991), 59–69.
22
См. Meier, A Marginal Jew, 59–69.
23
Doherty, Jesus: Neither God nor Man, 534; см. анализ на cc. 533–536.
24
Doherty, Jesus: Neither God nor Man, 535.
25
Об апологетах см.: R.M. Grant, Greek Apologists of the Second Century (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1988); Eugene Gallagher, Divine Man or Magician? Celsus and Origen on Jesus (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1982).
26
Doherty, Jesus: Neither God nor Man, 562.
27
Ken Olson, «Eusebius and the Testimonium Flavianum», Catholic Biblical Quarterly 61 (1999), 305–322.
28
J. Carleton Paget, «Some Observations on Josephus and Christianity», Journal of Theological Studies 52, no. 2 (2001), 539–624; Alice Whealey, «Josephus, Eusebius of Caesarea, and the Testimonium Flavianum», in Josephus und das Neue Testament, ed. Christfried Bottrich & Jens Herzer (Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007), 73-116.
29
См. Robert Kysar, John the Maverick Gospel, 3rd ed. (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2007).
30
Новый перевод Евангелия от Фомы сделал Златко Плеше: см. Bart Ehrman & Zlatko Plese, The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 310–335. О содержании и богословии этого Евангелия см. мою книгу: Lost Christianities: The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), глава 3.
31
Перевод Евангелия от Петра см. в: Ehrman & Plese, The Apocryphal Gospels, 371–387. О содержании и богословии этого Евангелия см. мою книгу: Lost Christianities, глава 1.
32
Перевод этого текста и краткий рассказ о нем см. в: Ehrman & Plese, The Apocryphal Gospels, 245–253.
33
См. Ehrman, New Testament, глава 8.
34
Joel Marcus, Mark: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, 2 vols., Anchor Bible Commentary (New York: Doubleday, 2000–2009).
35
См. Edgar McKnight, What Is Form Criticism? (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1969).
36
См. Bart D. Ehrman, Jsus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (and Why We Don’t Know About Them) (San Francisco: HarperOne, 2009), 107–110.
37
См. Ehrman, Jesus, Interrupted, 107–110.
38
Краткие сведения о них и английский перевод можно найти в: Ehrman, Apostolic Fathers, 1:203–321.
39
См. Ehrman, Apostolic Fathers, 1:23–25.
40
См. подробнее: Bart Ehrman, Forged: Writing in the Name of God: Why the Bible's Authors Are Not ho We Think They Are (San Francisco: Harper One, 2011), 79-114.
41
См. Ehrman, Forged, 43–78.
42
Wells, Did Jesus Exist? 28.
43
См. Joel Marcus, Mark 8-16: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, Anchor Bible 27 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009).
44
См. Victor Paul Furnish, Jesus According to Paul (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
45
См. примеры в: Wells, Did Jesus Exist? 19.
46
George A. Wells, The Jesus Legend (Peru, IL: Cams, 1996), 14.
47
George A. Wells, «Is There Independent Confirmation of What the Gospels Say of Jesus», Free Inquiry 31 (2011), 22.
48
Robert Price, Christ-Myth Theory, 336.
49
J.M. Robertson, Jesus and Judas: A Textual and Historical Investigation (London: Watts & Co., 1927).
50
George A. Wells, The Historical Evidence for Jesus (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1988), 168.
51
Price, Christ-Myth Theory, 336–343.
52
Price, Christ-Myth Theory, 352.
53
Price, Christ-Myth Theory, 349.
54
Cm. John Collins, The Scepter and the Star: Messianism in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2010).
55
Richard Carrier, Not the Impossible Faith: Why Christianity Didn’t Need a Miracle to Succeed (n.p.: Lulu Press, 2009), 34; курсив Карриера.
56
См. John Collins «Daniel, Book of», Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. David Noel Freedman (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 2:29–37.
57
Louis Hartman, The Book of Daniel: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, Anchor Bible (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978), 251.
58
Hartman, Book of Daniel, 252.
59
См. Bart Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why (San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 2005).
60
См. Bart Ehrman, Forged: Writing in the Name of God: Why the Bible ’s Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are (San Francisco: HarperOne, 2010).
61
См. Bart Ehrman, Jesus, Interrupted, глава 2.
62
См. Bart Ehrman, Jesus, Interrupted, 29–39.
63
Robert M. Price, The Christ-Myth Theory and Its Problems (Cranford, NJ: American Atheist Press, 2011); The Incredible Shrinking Son of Man: How Reliable Is the Gospel Tradition? (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2003).
64
Albert Schweitzer, The Quest of the Historical Jesus, ed. John Bowden (1906; repr.; Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2001), главы 22 и 23.
65
George A. Wells, Did Jesus Exist? 2nd ed. (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1986), 146.
66
Ren Salm, The Myth of Nazareth (Cranford, NJ: American Atheist Press, 2008).
67
Salm, The Myth of Nazareth, xii.
68
Stephen J. Pfann, Ross Voss, & Yehudah Rapuano «Surveys and Excavations at the Nazareth Village Farm (1997–2002): Final Report», Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 25 (2007), 16–79.
69
Ren Salm «A Response to ‘Surveys and Excavations at the Nazareth Village Farm (1997–2002): Final Report», Bulletin of the Anglo-lsrael Archaeological Society 26 (2008), 95–103. Ответы были убедительны и отчасти основывались на общении с Александр: Stephen J. Pfann & Yehudah Rapuano «On the Nazareth Village Farm Report: A Reply to Salm», Bulletin of the Anglo-lsrael Archaeological Society 26 (2008), 105–108; Ken Dark «Nazareth Village Farm: A Reply to Salm», Bulletin of the Anglo-lsrael Archaeological Society 26 (2008), 109–111.
70
Pfann & Yehudah Rapuano «Nazareth Village Farm Report», 108.
71
Pfann & Yehudah Rapuano «Nazareth Village Farm Report», 108.
72
Ken Dark «Review of Salm, Myth of Nazareth», Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 26 (2008), 145.
73
Price, Christ-Myth Theory, 34.
74
Thomas L. Thompson, The Messiah Myth: The Near Eastern Roots of Jesus and David (New York: Basic Books, 2005).
75
Kersey Graves, The World’s Sixteen Crucified Saviors: Christianity Before Christ (1875; repr., New York: Cosimo Classics, 2007), 29.
76
Graves, Sixteen Crucified Saviors, 30–31.
77
Frank Zindler «How Jesus Got a Life», Through Atheist Eyes: Scenes from a World That Won’t Reason (Cranford, NJ: American Atheist Press, 2011), 1:57–80.
78
Price, Christ-Myth Theory, 44–46.
79
Tryggve N.D. Mettinger, The Riddle of the Resurrection: «Dying and Rising Gods» in the Ancient Near East (Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell International, 2001), 217.
80
Mettinger, The Riddle of the Resurrection, 219.
81
Mettinger, The Riddle of the Resurrection, 221.
82
Jonathan Z. Smith «Dying and Rising Gods», Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd ed. Lindsay Jones (Detroit: Macmillan, 2005), 4:2535–2540.
83
J.Z. Smith «Dying and Rising Gods», 2535.
84
J.Z. Smith «Dying and Rising Gods», 2538.
85
Mark S. Smith «The Death of ‘Dying and Rising Gods» in the Biblical World: An Update, with Special Reference to Baal in the Baal Cycle», Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 12 (1998), 257–313.
86
M.S. Smith «The Death of ‘Dying and Rising Gods», 288.
87
См. Alan Segal, Two Powers in Heaven: Early Rabbinic Reports About Christianity and Gnosticism (Leiden: Brill, 1977).
88
Wells, The Historical Evidence for Jesus.
89
Archibald Robertson, Jesus: Myth or History? (London: Watts & Co., 1946), 95.
90
Wells, Did Jesus Exist? 39.
91
См. подробнее: Bart Ehrman, Forged: Writing in the Name of God: Why the Bible ’s Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are (San Francisco: Harper One, 2011).
92
Wells, Did Jesus Exist? 97.
93
Wells, Did Jesus Exist? 18.
94
Well, The Historical Evidence for Jesus, 33.
95
Doherty, Jesus: Neither God nor Man, 97.
96
См., например, Earl Doherty, Jesus Puzzle: Did Christianity Begin with a Mythical Christ? (Ottawa, ON: Age of Reason Publications, 1999), 5.
97
Doherty, Jesus Puzzle, 98.
98
Doherty, Jesus: Neither God nor Man, xi.
99
См. D. Moody Smith, John Among the Gospels, 2nd ed. (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001).
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