Доктрина шока. Расцвет капитализма катастроф Кляйн Наоми
8
Cha А.Е. Hope and Confusion Mark Iraq's Democracy Lessons // Washington Post. 2003. November 24; Booth W, Chandrasekaran R. Occupation Forces Halting Elections Throughout Iraq.
9
Foote С, Block W., Crane К, Gray S. Economic Policy and Prospects in Iraq // Public Policy Discussion Papers. 2004. May 4. № 04-1. Boston: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 2004. P. 37, www.bosfed.org.
10
Lone S. Iraq: This Election Is a Sham // International Herald Tribune. Paris. 2005. January 28.
11
Al-Sistani's Representatives Threaten Demonstrations, Clashes in Iraq // BBC Monitoring International Reports, report by Lebanese Hezbollah TV Al-Manar. 2004. January 16; El-Magd N.A. U.S. Commander Urges Saddam Holdouts to Surrender // Associated Press. 2004. January 16.
12
Moss М. Iraq's Legal System Staggers Beneath the Weight of War // New York Times. 2006. December 17; Kraul C. War Funding Feud Has Iraqis Uneasy // Los Angeles Times. 2007. April 28.
13
Gordon M.R., Trainor В.Е. Cobra II, pp. 4, 555; Borger J. Knives Come Out for Rumsfeld as the Generals Fight Back // Guardian. London. 2003. March 31.
14
Scahill J. Blackwater: The Rise of the Worlds Most Powerful Mercenary Army. New York: Nation Boob, 2007. P. 199.
15
Maass P. The Way of the Commandos // New York Times. 2005. May 1; Jim Steele Bio // Premiere Speakers Bureau, www.premierespeakers.com; Hirsh M., Barry J. «1he Salvador Option» // Newsweek. 2005. January 8.
16
Email from Cpt. William Ponce // PBS Frontline: The Torture Question. 2003. August, www.pbs. org; White J. Soldiers' «Wish Lists» of Detainee Tactics Cited // Washington Post. 2005. April 19.
17
Об этом рассказала Кристиану Миллеру бригадный генерал Дженис Карпински, командовавшая в то время тюрьмой Абу-Грейб. Wilson S., Chan S. As Insurgency Grew, So Did Prison Abuse // Washington Post. 2004. May 10.
18
На следующее утро Санчес разослал еще одну служебную записку, уточняющую и отчасти смягчающую сказанное в предыдущей; второй документ породил много неясностей относительно того, какие техники можно применять. Sanchez R.S. Memorandum, Subject: CJTF-7 Interrogation and Counter-Resistance Policy. 2003. September 14, www.aclu.org.
19
Информация в следующих трех абзацах взята из: No Blood, No Foul: Soldiers' Accounts of Detainee Abuse in Iraq. 2006. July // Human Rights Watch, pp. 6-14, www.hrw.org.
20
No Blood, No Foul: Soldiers* Accounts of Detainee Abuse in Iraq. 2006. July // Human Rights Watch, pp. 26,28.
21
Formica R.P. Article 15-6 Investigation of CJSOTF — AP and 5th SF Group Detention Operations. Finalized on 2004. November 8, рассекречено, www.aclu.org.
22
USMC Alleged Detainee Abuse Cases Since 11 Sep 01, в открытом доступе. 2004. July 8, www.aclu.org.
23
Web Magazine Raises Doubts Over a Symbol of Abu Ghraib // New York Times. 2006. March 14; Интервью с Хаджи Али 29 апреля 2005 года. «Несколько плохих мужчин?» (Few Bad Men?) // PBS Now.
24
Haj Alis Story // PBS Now website, www.pbs.org; Kraul C. War Funding Feud Has Iraqis Uneasy.
25
Leadership Failure: Firsthand Accounts of Torture of Iraqi Detainees by the U.S. Army's 82nd Airborne Division. 2005. September // Human Rights Watch, pp. 9,12, www.hrw.org.
26
The New Iraq? Torture and Ul-Treatment of Detainees in Iraqi Custody. 2005. January // Human Rights Watch, pp. 2,4, www.hrw.org; Graham B. Army Warns Iraqi Forces on Abuse of Detainees // Washington Post. 2005. May 20; Moss M. Iraq's Legal System Staggers Beneath the Weight of War.
27
Maass P. The Way of the Commandos.
28
Интервью с Фланом Найрном 10 января 2005 года // Democracy Now!, www.democracynow. org; Moore S. Killings Linked to Shiite Squads in Iraqi Police Force // Los Angeles Times. 2005. November 29.
29
Moss М. Iraq's Legal System Staggers Beneath the Weight of War; Cambanis T. Confessions Rivet Iraqis // Boston Globe. 2005. March 18; Maass P. The Way of the Commandos.
30
Там же; Burns J.E Torture Alleged at Ministry Site Outside Baghdad // New York Times. 2005. November 16; Moore S. Killings Linked to Shiite Squads in Iraqi Police Force.
31
Collins A. In the Sleep Room: The Story of the CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada. Toronto: Lester and Orpen Dennys, 1988. P. 174.
32
McKew M. Confessions of an American Hawk.
33
Krauthammer Ch. In Baker's Blunder, a Chance for Bush // Washington Post 2006. December 15; Kagan RW. Choosing Victory: A Plan for Success in Iraq. Phase I Report. 2007. January 4. P. 34, www.aei.org.
34
Jamail D., Al-Fadhily A. Iraq: Schools Crumbling Along with Iraqi Society // Inter Press Service. 2006. December 18; Crain Ch. Professor Says Approximately 300 Academics Have Been Assassinated // USA Today. 2005. January 17; O'Hanlon M.E., Campbell J.H. Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq. 2007. February 22 // Brookings Institution. P. 35, www.brookings.edu; Redmond R. Iraq Displacement. 2006. November 3. Press briefing, Geneva, www.unhcr.org; Iraq's Refugees Must Be Saved from Disaster // Financial Times. London. 2007. April 19.
35
Nearly 20000 People Kidnapped in Iraq This Year: Survey // Agence France-Presse. 2006. April 19; The New Iraq? // Human Rights Watch, pp. 32, 54, www.hrw.org.
36
Первоначально предполагалось, что банк HSBC откроет свои отделения по всему Ираку. Вместо этого он приобрел долю в 79 процентов в иракском банке «Дар Эс-Салам». Broder J.M., Risen J. Contractor Deaths in Iraq Soar to Record // New York Times. 2007. May 19; Richter P. New Iraq Not Tempting to Corporations // Los Angeles Times. 2004. July 1; Dreazen Y.J. An Iraqis Western Dream // Wall Street Journal. 2005. March 14; Syria and Iraq: Unbanked and Unstable // Euromoney. 2006. September; Cha A.E.t Spinner J. U.S. Companies Put Little Capital into Iraq // Washington Post. 2004. May 15.
37
Mosher A., Witte G. Much Undone in Rebuilding Iraq, Audit Says // Washington Post. 2006. August 2; Borger J. Brutal Killing of Americans in Iraq Raises Questions over Security Firms // Guardian. London. 2004. April 2; Review of Administrative Task Orders for Iraq Reconstruction Contracts. 2006. October 23 // Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, p. 11, www.sigir.mil.
38
Witte G. Despite Billions Spent, Rebuilding Incomplete.
39
Hussein A.y Freeman С US to Reopen Iraq's Factories in $ 10m U-turn // Sunday Telegraph. London. 2007. January 29.
40
White /., Witte G. To Stem Iraqi Violence, U.S. Looks to Factories // Washington Post. 2006. December 12.
41
Baker J.A. III Hamilton L.H., Eagleburger L.S., et al. Iraq Study Group Report. 2006. December. P. 57, www.usip.org.
42
Pfeifer S. Where Majors Fear to Tread.
43
Iraq's Refugee Crisis Is Nearing Catastrophe // Financial Times. London. 2007. February 8; Gallu }. Will Iraq's Oil Blessing Become a Curse? // Der Spiegel. 2006. December 22; Fortson D., Murray-Watson A.y Webb T. Future of Iraq: The Spoils of War // Independent. London. 2007. January 7.
44
Iraqi Trade Union Statement on the Oil Law. 2006. December 10-14 // Iraqi Labor Union Leadership, www.carbonweb.org.
45
WongE. Iraqi Cabinet Approves Draft of Oil Law // New York Times. 2007. February 26.
46
Schooner St.L. Contractor Atrocities at Abu Ghraib: Compromised Accountability in a Streamlined Outsourced Government // Stanford Law & Policy Review 16. 2005. № 2. P. 552.
47
Scahill }. Blackwater, p. 123.
48
Krane }. A Private Army Grows Around the U.S. Mission in Iraq and Around the World // Associated Press. 2003. October 30; Scahill}. Mercenary Jackpot // The Nation. 2006. August 28; Scahill J. Exile on K Street // The Nation. 2006. February 20; Hemingway M. Warriors for Hire // Weekly Standard. 2006. December 18.
49
Witte G. Contractors Were Poorly Monitored, GAO Says // Washington Post. 2005. April 30.
50
Выгода этой ситуации в том, что контрактники работают под крайне слабым контролем. Как это показало собственное расследование армии США по поводу скандала с Абу-Грейб, правительственные чиновники, которые формально должны были контролировать деятельность дознавателей, находились в другом месте — не только вне стен тюрьмы Абу-Грейб, но и за пределами Ирака, — поэтому им было «крайне сложно, если вообще возможно, эффективно управлять работами по контракту». Генерал армии Джордж Фей, автор отчета, делает вывод, что правительственные «следователи, аналитики и руководители были просто не готовы к появлению ведущих допрос контрактников, их не обучали вопросам управления, контроля и поддержания дисциплины относительно персонала такого рода... Очевидно, что надежной практики адекватного наблюдения за работой по контракту в Абу-Грейб не существовало». Fay G.R. AR 15-6 Investigation of the Abu Ghraib Detention Facility and 205th Military Intelligence Brigade, pp. 19,50,52, www4.army.mil.
51
Miller T.C Blood Money, p. 87.
52
Merle R. Army Tries Private Pitch for Recruits // Washington Post. 2006. September 6.
53
Taylor A. Defense Contractor CEOs See Pay Double Since 9/11 Attacks // Associated Press. 2006. August 29; Vogel St., Merle R. Privatized Walter Reed Workforce Gets Scrutiny // Washington Post. 2007. March 10; Borak D. Walter Reed Deal Hindered by Disputes // Associated Press. 2007. March 19.
54
По словам Томаса Рикса, «когда численность американских войск составляла около 150 тысяч, а общая численность войск союзников — 25 тысяч, их службу обеспечивали 60 тысяч контрактников». Это означает, что на 175 тысяч солдат коалиции приходилось 60 тысяч контрактников в соотношении один контрактник на 2,9 солдата. Schwartz N.D. The Pentagon's Private Army // Fortune. 2003. March 17; Ricks Т.Е. Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq. New York: Penguin, 2006. P. 37; Merle R. Census Counts 100000 Contractors in Iraq // Washington Post. 2006. December 5.
55
Bruce I. Soldier of Fortune Deaths Go Missing in Iraq // Herald. Glasgow. 2007. January 13; Brady B. Mercenaries to Fill Iraq Troop Gap // Scotland on Sunday. Edinburgh. 2007. February 25; Roberts M. Iraq War Exacts Toll on Contractors // Associated Press. 2007. February 24.
56
Background Note: 31 December 2006 // United Nations Department of Public Information. United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, www.un.org; Glanz J., Norris F. Report Says Iraq Contractor Is Hiding Data from US. // New York Times. 2006. October 28; Brady B. Mercenaries to Fill Iraq Troop Gap.
57
Дальше всего в этом направлении зашла Lockheed Martin. Как о том говорит газета Financial Times, в начале 2007 года Lockheed начала «скупать компании из сферы здравоохранения с ежегодной выручкой более миллиарда долларов», а также приобрела огромную инженерную корпорацию Pacific Architects and Engineers. Такая волна приобретения знаменует новую эпоху патологической вертикальной интеграции комплекса капитализма катастроф: в случае новых конфликтов Lockheed будет получать прибыль не только за счет производства оружия и истребителей, но и за счет восстановления разрушенного и даже за счет лечения людей, которых ранило произведенное этой же компанией оружие. Boxell J. Man of Arms Explores New Areas of Combat // Financial Times. London. 2007. March 11.
58
Iraq Reconstruction: Lessons in Contracting and Procurement // Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction. 2006. July. Pp. 98-99, www.sigir.mil; Bush G.W. State of the Union Address. Washington, DC. 2007. January 23.
59
Dinmore G. US Prepares List of Unstable Nations // Financial Times. London. 2005. March 29.
ГЛАВА 19
1
Mydans S. Builders Swoop in, Angering Thai Survivors // International Herald Tribune. Paris. 2005. March 10.
2
Tsunami Response: A Human Rights Assessment // ActionAid International et al. 2006. January. P. 13, www.actionaidusa.org.
3
Sri Lanka: A Travel Survival Kit. Victoria, Australia: Lonely Planet, 2005. P. 267.
4
Lancaster J. After Tsunami, Sri Lankans Fear Paving of Paradise // Washington Post 2005. June 5.
5
Arugam Bay Resource Development Plan: Reconstruction Towards Prosperity // National Physical Planning Department. Final Report. 2005. April 25. Pp. 4, 5, 7, 18, 33; Lancaster}. After Tsunami, Sri Lankans Fear Paving of Paradise.
6
South Asians Mark Tsunami Anniversary // United Press International 2005. June 26.
7
USAID Elicits «Real Reform» of Tourism. 2006. January // USAID/Sri Lanka, www.usaid.gov.
8
Там же.
9
Интервью по электронной почте с Карен Престон, менеджером Leading Hotels of the World по связям с общественностью, 16 августа 2006 года; Kapur A., Macleod N., Singh N. Plu-tonomy: Buying Luxury, Explaining Global Imbalances. Citigroup: Industry Note, Equity Strategy. 2005. October 16. Pp. 27,30.
10
Sri Lanka Environment Profile // United Nations Environment Programme. National Environment Outlook, www.unep.net.
11
С 1997 по 2001 год Мано Титтавелла был генеральным директором Комиссии по реформе государственных предприятий Шри-Ланки, за это время под его руководством произошла приватизация Sri Lanka Telecom (август 1997 г.) и Sri Lankan Air Lines (март 1998 г.). После выборов 2004 года он стал главой правительственного Агентства стратегического предпринимательства, продолжавшего осуществлять программу приватизации, которая на новом языке стала называться «партнерством государственного и частного секторов». Past Divestitures. 2005 // Public Enterprises Reform Commission of Sri Lanka, www.perc.gov.lk; SEMA to Rejuvenate Key State Enterprises. 2004. June 15, www.priu.gov.lk.
12
A Proposal for a People's Planning Commission for Recovery After Tsunami / Movement for National Land and Agricultural Reform, Sri Lanka, www.monlar.org.
13
Privatizations in Sri Lanka Likely to Slow Because of Election Results // Associated Press. 2004. April 5.
14
Sri Lanka Begins Tsunami Rebuilding Amid Fresh Peace Moves // Agence France-Presse. 2005. January 19.
15
A Proposal for a People's Planning Commission For Recovery After Tsunami; Sri Lanka Raises Fuel Prices Amid Worsening Economic Crisis // Agence France-Presse. 2005. June 5; Panic Buying Grips Sri Lanka Amid Oil Strike Fears // Agence France-Presse. 2005. March 28.
16
Wilson U LapperR. Honduras May Speed Sell-Offs After Storm // Financial Times. London. 1998. November 11; Honduras. 1999 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers // Organization of American States, p. 165, www.sice.oas.org; Cuffe S. A Backwards, Upside-Down Kind of Development: Global Actors, Mining and Community-Based Resistance in Honduras and Guatemala. 2005. February // Rights Action, www.rightsaction.org.
17
Mexico's Telmex Unveils Guatemala Telecom Alliance // Reuters. 1998. October 29; Nicaragua. Central America After Hurricane Mitch: The Challenge of Turning a Disaster into an Opportunity. 2000. May // Consultative Group for the Reconstruction and Transformation of Central America, Inter-American Development Bank, www.iadb.org; Druckerman P. No Sale: Do You Want to Buy a Phone Company // Wall Street Journal. 1999. July 14.
18
Mexico's Telmex Unveils Guatemala Telecom Alliance; Spain's Fenosa Buys Nicaragua Energy Distributors // Reuters. 2000. September 12; San Francisco Group Wins Honduras Airport Deal // Reuters. 2000. March 9; CEO-Govt. to Sell Remaining Enitel Stake This Year // Business News Americas. 2003. February 14.
19
Цит. no: Barillas E.S. Central America After Hurricane Mitch // World Economic Forum Annual Meeting. Davos, Switzerland. 1999. January 30.
20
Rice A. Post-Tsunami Tourism and Reconstruction: A Second Disaster? 2005. October // Tsunami Concern, p. 11, www.tourismconcern.org.uk.
21
An Agenda for Sri Lanka's Post-Tsunami Recovery // TAFREN. Progress & News. 2005. July. P. 2.
22
Фернандо возглавляет Движение за земельную и сельскохозяйственную реформу, коалицию неправительственных организаций Шри-Ланки, которая вскоре после катастрофы призывала к «народному восстановлению страны».
23
Fishermen and Tradesmen to Benefit from U.S. Funded $33 Million Contract for Post-Tsunami Infrastructure Projects / USAID Sri Lanka. Press release. 2005. September 8, www.usaid.gov; USAID Signature Tsunami Reconstruction Efforts in Indonesia and Sri Lanka Exceed Initial Cost and Schedule Estimates, and Face Further Risks / United States Government Accountability Office. Report to Congressional Committee, GAO-07-357. 2007. February Arugam Bay Resource Development Plan: Reconstruction Towards Prosperity / National Physical Planning Department. Final Report. 2005. April 25. P. 18.
24
U.S. Provides $1 Million to Maintain Tsunami Shelter Communities. United States Embassy. 2006. May 18, www.usaid.gov.
25
Ramesh R. Indian Tsunami Victims Sold Their Kidneys to Survive // Guardian. London. 2007. January 18; Tsunami Response, p. 17; Meo N. Thousands of Indonesians Still in Tents // Globe and Mail. Toronto. 2005. December 27.
26
Tsunami Response, p. 9.
27
Maldives. The World Factbook 2007 // Central Intelligence Agency, www.cia.gov.
28
Coco Palm Dhuni Kolhu, www.cocopalm.com; Maldives at Landaa Giraavaru // Four Seasons Resort, www.fourseasons.com; Rangali Island // Hilton Maldives Resort and Spa, www.hilton.com; Dhoni Mighili Island // Private Islands Online, www.privateislandsonline.com.
29
Buerck R. Maldives Opposition Plan Protest // BBC News. 2007. April 20; Extrajudicial Killings, Disappearances, Torture and Other Forms of Gross Human Rights Violations Still Engulf Asia's Nations // Asian Human Rights Commission. 2006. December 8, www.ahrchk.net; Republic of Maldives: Repression of Peaceful Political Opposition. 2003. July 30 // Amnesty International, www.amnesty.org.
30
Sharma A. Maldives to Develop «Safe» Islands for Tsunami-Hit People // Associated Press. 2005. January 19.
31
National Recovery and Reconstruction Plan, Second printing. 2005. March // Ministry of Planning and National Development, Republic of Maldives, p. 29, www.tsunamimaldives.mv.
32
Там же; Tsunami Response, p. 18.
33
Формально срок аренды составлял 25 лет, но примечание к контракту ясно говорило о том, что его можно при некоторых условиях продлить до пятидесяти. Bidding Documents: For Lease of New Islands to Develop as Tourist Resorts // Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation. Male: Republic of Maldives. 2006. July 16. P. 4, www.tourism.gov.mv.
34
Charoensuthipan P. Survivors Fighting for Land Rights // Bangkok Post. 2005. December 14; Mydans S. Builders Swoop in, Angering Thai Survivors.
35
The Tsunami in Thailand: January-March 2005 // Asian Coalition for Housing Rights, www.achr.net.
36
Senanayake S., Sengupta S. Monitors Say Troops Killed Aid Workers in Sri Lanka // New York Times. 2006. August 31; Perera A. Tsunami Recovery Skewed by Sectarian Strife // Inter Press Service. 2007. January 3.
37
Senanayake S. An Ethnic War Slows Tsunami Recovery in Sri Lanka // New York Times. 2006. October 19.
38
Paris R. At War's End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. P. 200.
ГЛАВА 20
1
Marais Н. A Plague of Inequality // Mail & Guardian. Johannesburg. 2006. May 19.
2
Names and Faces // Washington Post. 2005. September 19.
3
Reed A., Jr. Undone by Neoliberalism // The Nation. 2006. September 18.
4
Elliston J. Disaster in the Making // Tucson Weekly. 2004. September 23; IEM Team to Develop Catastrophic Hurricane Disaster Plan for New Orleans & Southeast Louisiana // Innovative Emergency Management. Press release. 2004. June 3, www.ieminc.com.
5
Fournier R., Bridis T. Hurricane Simulation Predicted 61,290 Dead // Associated Press. 2005. September 9.
6
Krugman P. A Can't Do Government // New York Times. 2005. September 2; Kelly M. Neocon-servatism's Berlin Wall // The G-Gnome Rides Out blog. 2005. September 1, www.theggnomeri-desout.blogspot.com; Goldberg J. The Feds // the Corner blog on the National Review Online. 2005. August 31, www.nationalreview.com.
7
Friedman M. The Promise of Vouchers // Wall Street Journal. 2005. December 5; Wilke J.R., Mullins B. After Katrina, Republicans Back a Sea of Conservative Ideas // Wall Street Journal. 2005. September 15; Teller P.S. Pro-Free-Market Ideas for Responding to Hurricane Katrina and High Gas Prices // House Republican Study Committee, e-mail sent on September 13,2005.
8
Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis // Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for Policymakers. 2007. February. P. 16, www.ipcc.ch.
9
Teller P.S. Pro-Free-Market Ideas for Responding to Hurricane Katrina and High Gas Prices.
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