Èñòîðèÿ Äðåâíåãî ìèðà. Îò èñòîêîâ Öèâèëèçàöèè äî ïàäåíèÿ Ðèìà Áàóýð Ñüþçåí

‹29› Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India (2004), p. 11.

‹30› Keay, p. 2.

‹31› J. A. G. Roberts, The Complete History of China (2003), p. 3.

‹32› Anne Birrell, Chinese Mythology: An Introduction (1993), p. 46.

‹33› Steven Roger Fischer, A History of Writing (2001), pp. 25–26. Ôèøåð óêàçûâàåò íà Øìàíä-Áåññåðà êàê íà «âåäóùåãî ñòîðîííèêà ýòîé òåîðèè» — íî îãîâàðèâàåòñÿ, ÷òî ýòà òåîðèÿ (ïîäîáíî áîëüøèíñòâó èíûõ òåîðèé íà íà÷àëüíîì ýòàïå èõ ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ) ïî-ïðåæíåìó îñòàåòñÿ ñïîðíîé.

‹34› Quoted in W. V. Davies, Egyptian Hieroglyphs: Reading the Past (1987), p. 47.

‹35› «Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta», translated by J. A. Black, et al., in The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature at http://www.etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/ (1998–); hereafter abbreviated as FTC.

‹36› Translated by Sandars, p. 61.

‹37› Sandars, p. 71. ß î÷åíü îáÿçàíà H. Ê. Ñàíäàðñ, îáåñïå÷èâøåé äîïîëíèòåëüíûå êðàñêè äëÿ ìîåãî ïîâåñòâîâàíèÿ ââîäíûì ýññå ê ñâîèì ïåðåâîäàì, ãäå îíà àíàëèçèðóåò ðàçëè÷íûå èñòîðè÷åñêèå âàðèàíòû, ìîãóùèå ëåæàòü â îñíîâå îïèñàíèÿ ñåâåðíîãî ïóòåøåñòâèÿ Ãèëüãàìåøà.

‹38› Âåðñèþ ñïèñêà, íà êîòîðîé ÿ îñíîâûâàþñü, ñì.: Kramer, The Sumerians, pp. 78–80. Äîêòîð Êðàìåð òàêæå ñðàâíèâàåò ýòîò äîêóìåíò ñ «Öàðñêèì ñïèñêîì», ÷òîáû ïîêàçàòü õîä êîíôëèêòà ìåæäó äâóìÿ ãîðîäàìè.

‹39› «Gilgamesh and Agga of Kish», in ETC.

‹40› Herodotus, The Histories, translated by Robin Waterfield (1998), 2.99.

‹41› Ian Shaw, ed., The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (2002), pp. 68–69.

‹42› Rudolf Anthes, «Egyptian Theology in the Third Millennium B.C.», Journal of Near Eastern Studies 18:3 (1959), p. 171.

‹43› Ibid.

‹44› Ian Cunnison, The Luapula Peoples of Northern Rhodesia (1959), p. 98.

‹45› Edmund Leach, «The Mother’s Brother in Ancient Egypt», RAIN [Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland] 15 (1976), p. 20.

‹46› Shaw, p. 9.

‹47› William Flinders Petrie, Researches in Sinai (1906), p. 41.

‹48› Rice, p. 14.

‹49› Peter A. Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt (1994), p. 28.

‹50› Dailey, p. 42 ff.

‹51› Ñàì «Ýïîñ î Ãèëüãàìåøå» òàê èëè èíà÷å ÿâëÿþòñÿ èñòî÷íèêîì. ß îñíîâûâàëàñü íà åãî ñòðóêòóðå, äàííîé â ïåðåâîäå H. Ê. Ñàíäàðñ, íî ñëåãêà ñîêðàòèëà öèòèðóåìûé òåêñò, óáðàëà èç íåãî íàèáîëåå òðóäíûå ñëîâà è ÷àñòè÷íî èçìåíèëà åãî íà îñíîâàíèè ïîïðàâîê îò ñëåäóþùèõ ëèö: Ñýìþýëü Êðàìåð, Ìîðèí Ãýëëåðè Êîâàêñ è Ñòåôàíè Äýëëè.

‹52› Ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ âçÿòî èç ïåðåâîäà Ñàíäàðñ: pp. 118–119.

‹53› Clayton, p. 33.

‹54› Richard L. Zettler and Lee Home, Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur(1998), p. 29.

‹55› This is J. M. Roberts’s suggestion in The Penguin History of the World (1997), p. 71.

‹56› Herodotus, 2.12.

‹57› Paul Jordan, Riddles of the Sphinx (1998), p. 73.

‹58› Clayton, p. 45.

‹59› Herodotus, 2124.

‹60› Herodotus 2126.

‹61› Bruce G. Trigger, «Monumental Architecture: A Thermodynamic Explanation of Symbolic Behavior», World Archaeology 22:2 (1990), p. 119.

‹62› Dean Hardy and Maijorie Killick, Pyramid Energy: The Philosophy of God, the Science of Man (1994), p. 169.

‹63› Peter Tompkins, Secrets of the Great Pyramid (1971), p. XIV.

‹64› James and Thorpe, p. 208.

‹65› Translated by Samuel Kramer, The Sumerians, p. 51.

‹66› Ibid., p. 313.

‹67› John Winthrop Hackett, ed., Warfare in the Ancient World (1989), p. 4.

‹68› Leick, Mesopotamia, p. 149.

‹69› I.M. Diakonoff, ed., Early Antiquity (1991), p. 82.

‹70› Translated by Samuel Kramer, From the Tablets of Sumer (1956), p. 48.

‹71› Diakonoff, p. 82.

‹72› J. S. Cooper, Sumerian and Akkadian Royal Inscriptions, vol. 1, Pi esargomc Inscriptions (1986), p. 78.

‹73› Nels Bailkey, «Early Mesopotamian Constitutional Development», American Historical Review 72:4 (1967), p. 1222.

‹74› Translated by Kramer, The Sumerians, pp. 323–324.

‹75› Leick, Mesopotamia, p. 150.

‹76› Translated by Kramer, The Sumerians, pp. 322–323.

‹77› Cooper, p. 95.

‹78› Crawford, p. 25.

‹79› Ïåðåñêàç, îñíîâàííûé íà ïåðåâîäå, ïðåäñòàâëåííîì â: James Â. Pritchard, ed., in The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures (1958), pp. 85–86, ñ î÷èñòêîé äëÿ ëó÷øåãî ïîíèìàíèÿ îò íåêîòîðûõ òåðìèíîâ, ïðåäëîæåííîé â: Gwendolyn Leick in Mesopotamia, p. 94.

‹80› J. M. Roberts, p. 51.

‹81› Translated by Kramer, The Sumerians, p. 330.

‹82› Xenophon, The Education of Cyrus, translated by Wayne Ambler (2001), 1.3.8–9.

‹83› «The Sargon Legend, Segment », in ETC.

‹84› Translated by Kramer, The Sumerians, p. 324.

‹85› Diakonoff, p. 85.

‹86› Ibid.

‹87› Translated by Kramer, The Sumerians, p. 324.

‹88› H. W. F. Saggs, The Might That Was Assyria (1984), p. 19.

‹89› Adapted from Benjamin R. Foster, Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature, vol. 1 (1996), p. 254.

‹90› Michael Roaf, Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East (1996), p. 97.

‹91› A. Leo Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization (1977), p. 154.

‹92› Diakonoff, p. 86.

‹93› Bailkey, p. 1225. Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ Áåéêëè ñîäåðæàò ïîëíóþ áèáëèîãðàôèþ äðåâíèõ âàâèëîíñêèõ íàäïèñåé, òàê íàçûâàåìûõ «Òåêñòîâ Ïðåäçíàìåíîâàíèÿ», ñîäåðæàùèõ çàïèñè î âîññòàíèè.

‹94› Leick, Mesopotamia, p. 99.

‹95› Êåàó, p. 6.

‹96› Wolpert, pp. 14–15.

‹97› Fischer, p. 61.

‹98› Wolpert, p. 18.

‹99› Keay, p. 13.

‹100› Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India (1998), p. 23.

‹101› Ibid., pp. 22–23.

‹102› Òåðìèíîëîãèÿ è ðàçìåðåíèÿ âçÿòû èç: Kulke and Rothermund, p. 23, and Keay, pp. 8–9.

‹103› Herodotus, 2.127–128.

‹104› Jordan, p. 80.

‹105› Ibid., p. XVII.

‹106› Herodotus, 2.129.

‹107› Herodotus, 2.133.

‹108› Herodotus, 2.131.

‹109› Clayton, p. 60.

‹110› A. Rosalie David, The Egyptian Kingdoms (1988), p. 16.

‹111› Àáçàö 217 äàí â ïåðåâîäå èç: J. H. Breasted in Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt (University of Chicago Press, 1912); äàëåå àáçàö 309 âçÿò â ïåðåâîäå: R. Î. Faulkner in The Ancient Pyramid Texts (Clarendon Press, 1969); îáà ïðîöèòèðîâàíû: Jon E. Lewis, ed., Ancient Egypt (2003), pp. 27–29.

‹112› Clayton, p. 64.

‹113› Quoted in Clayton, p. 67.

‹114› Colin McEvedy, The New Penguin Atlas of Ancient History (2002), p. 36.

‹115› Kramer, The Sumerians, p. 61.

‹116› Roaf, p. 98.

‹117› Âïåðâûå îòìå÷åíî: Hugo Radau, Early Babylonian History Down to the End of the Fourth Dynasty of Ur (1899), p. 307.

‹118› David Willis McCullough, ed., Chronicles of the Barbarians (1998), p. 8.

‹119› Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia, p. 62.

‹120› «The Cursing of Agade», in ETC.

‹121› Ibid.

‹122› Kramer, The Sumerians, p. 330.

‹123› «À tigi to Bau for Gudea», in ETC.

‹124› «The Victory of Utu-hegal», in ETC.

‹125› Kramer, The Sumerians, p. 325.

‹126› «Ur-Namma the canal-digger», in ETC.

‹127› «À praise poem of Ur-Namma» in ETC.

‹128› Gen. 10:11–24.

‹129› Victor P. Hamilton, The Book of Genesis: Chapters 1–17 (1990), p. 363.

‹130› Adapted from «The death of Ur-Namma (Ur-Namma A)», in ETC.

‹131› Jonathan N. Tubb, Canaanites: Peoples of the Past (1998), p. 15.

‹132› J. M. Roberts, p. 41.

‹133› Tubb, p. 39.

‹134› Donald B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times (1992), pp. 63–64.

‹135› Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt (2004), p. 80.

‹136› Quoted in Redford, Egypt, pp. 67–68.

‹137› Qur’an 2.144–150.

‹138› Roaf, p. 101.

‹139› Quoted in Leick, Mesopotamia, pp. 132–133.

‹140› Leick, Mesopotamia. p. 126.

‹141› Roaf, p. 102.

‹142› Tubb, p. 38.

‹143› John Perlin, Forest Journey: The Role of Wood in the Development of Civilization (1991), p. 43.

‹144› Thorkild Jacobsen, Salinity and Irrigation Agriculture in Antiquity (1982), p. 468.

‹145› D. Bruce Dickson, «Circumscription by Anthropogenic Environmental Destruction: An Expansion of Cameiro’s (1970) Theory of the Origin of the State», American Antiquity 52:4 (1987), p. 713.

‹146› Kramer, The Sumerians, pp. 333–334, adapted.

‹147› Ibid., pp. 334–335, adapted.

‹148› Íåñêîëüêî àäàïòèðîâàíî èç: «The Lament for Urim», in ETC.

‹149› Ibid.

‹150› Verbrugghe and Wickersham, p. 137.

‹151› Stephan Seidlmayer, «The First Intermediate Period», in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, ed. Ian Shaw (2002), pp. 128–129.

‹152› Verbrugghe and Wickersham, p. 194.

‹153› Clayton, p. 72.

‹154› «Instructions for Merikare», in Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol. 1 (1975), p. 70.

‹155› Shaw, p. 161.

‹156› Ibid., p. 151.

‹157› Dodson and Hilton, p. 87.

‹158› Ibid., p. 90.

‹159› «The Prophecy of Nerferti», quoted in Shaw, p. 158.

‹160› Clayton, p. 79.

‹161› Shaw, p. 160.

‹162› Silverman, p. 79.

‹163› Reconstruction of «Ishbi-Åããà and Kindattu», segments A, B, D, and E in ETC.

‹164› Roaf, p. no.

‹165› Saggs, Assyria, pp. 28–30.

‹166› Reconstructed from the somewhat fragmented «Letter from Nann-ki-ag to Lipit-Estar about Gungunum’s troops» and «Letter from Lipit-Estar to Nann-ki-ag about driving away the enemy», both in ETC.

‹167› «An adab to Nanna for Gungunum (Gungunum A)», in ETC.

‹168› L. W. King, The Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi, vol. 3 (1976), p. 213, translation of «Reign of Sumu-abu».

‹169› Translated by A. K. Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles (1975), p. 155.

‹170› Assyrian king list quoted in Saggs, Assyria, p. 25.

‹171› Daniel David Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylon, Volume /. Historical Records of Assyria from the Earliest Times to Sargon (1926), p. 16.

‹172› Saggs, Assyria, p. 37.

‹173› Roaf, p. 116.

‹174› Saggs, Assyria, p. 25.Saggs, Assyria, p. 25.

‹175› Gwendolyn Leick, The Babylonians: An Introduction (2003), p. 33.

‹176› Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia, p. 156.

‹177› H. W. F. Saggs, Babylonians (1995), p. 98.

‹178› Ssu-ma Ch’ien, The Grand Scribe’s Records, vol. 1, ed. William H. Nienhauser, Jr., translated by Tsai-fa Cheng et al. (1994), p. 21.

‹179› Ibid., p. 22.

‹180› Ibid., p. 32.

‹181› John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman, China: A New History (2002), p. 37.

‹182› Li Liu and Xingcan Chen, State Formation in Early China (2003), p. 35.

‹183› Ibid., p. 35.

‹184› Ch’ien, p. 37.

‹185› Ibid., p. 38.

‹186› J. A. G. Roberts, p. 5.

‹187› Ch’ien, p. 38; the exact quote is «I regret failing to kill T’ang in Hsia-t’ai; that is what has brought me to this».

‹188› Jorgen Laessoe, People of Ancient Assyria: Their Inscriptions and Correspondence (1963), p. 47.

‹189› Ïåðåôðàçèðîâàíî äëÿ ëó÷øåãî ïîíèìàíèÿ èç: Laessoe, p. 50.

‹190› Laessoe, pp. 68–69.

‹191› Ibid., p. 76.

‹192› Ibid., p. 78.

‹193› Ðåêîíñòðóêöèÿ Àíäðå Ïàððî èç íàäïèñåé Ìàðè, ïðèâåäåíî â: Jack Ì. Sasson, «The King and I: A Mari King in Changing Perceptions», Journal of the American Oriental Society 118:4 (1998), p. 454.

‹194› King, vol. 2, p. 176.

‹195› Pritchard, p. 142.

‹196› Norman Yoffee, «The Decline and Rise of Mesopotamian Civilization: An Ethnoarchaeological Perspective on the Evolution of Social Complexity», American Antiquity 44:1 (1979), p. 12.

‹197› Saggs, Babylonians, p. 101.

‹198› King, vol 1, p. XXXVII.

‹199› Roaf, p. 121.

‹200› Shaw, p. 169.

‹201› Clayton, p. 93.

‹202› Josephus, Against Apion, 1.14.74–77, in The Works of Josephus (1987).

‹203› Ibid., 1.14.85.

‹204› Redford, Egypt, p. 126.

‹205› George Steindorff and Keith C. Steele, When Egypt Ruled the East (1957), p. 29.

‹206› J. Lesley Fitton, Minoans (2002), p. 67.

‹207› Ibid., pp. 104–105.

‹208› Ibid., p. 138.

‹209› Apollodorus, The Library (1921), 3.1.3–4 and 3.15.8.

‹210› Cyrus H. Gordon, The Common Background of Greek and Hebrew Civilizations (1965), pp. 51–52.

‹211› Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War, translated by Richard Crawley (1998), 1.4–5.

‹212› Herodotus, 1171.

‹213› Thucydides, 1.8.

‹214› Rodney Castleden, Minoans: Life in Bronze Age Crete (1990), p. 148.

‹215› Fitton, p. 166.

‹216› Christos G. Doumas, Them, Pompeii of the Ancient Aegean (1983).

‹217› Ibid., pp. 134–135.

‹218› Ibid., p. 139.

‹219› Ibid., p. 147.

‹220› Wolpert, p. 21.

‹221› G. F. Dales, «The Mythical Massacre at Mohenjo Daro», in Ancient Cities of the Indus, ed. G. L. Possehl (1979), p. 291.

‹222› Gregory L. Possehl, «The Mohenjo-daro Floods: A Reply», American Anthropologist 69:1 (1967), p. 32.

‹223› Ibid., p. 35.

‹224› Romila Thapar, Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (2002), p. 87.

‹225› Julian Reade, «Assyrian King-Lists, the Royal Tombs of Ur, and Indus Origins», Journal of Near Eastern Studies 60:1 (2001), p. 27.

‹226› Wolpert, p. 27.

‹227› Ibid., p. 24.

‹228› Keay, p. 20.

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