Ýôôåêò òåëîìåð: ðåâîëþöèîííûé ïîäõîä ê áîëåå ìîëîäîé, çäîðîâîé è äîëãîé æèçíè Áëýêáåðí Ýëèçàáåò

13. Entringer, S., et al., “Maternal Folate Concentration in Early Pregnancy and Newborn Telomere Length,” Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 66, no. 4 (2015): 202–208, doi:10.1159/000381925.

14. Cerne, J. Z., et al., “Functional Variants in CYP1B1, KRAS and MTHFR Genes Are Associated with Shorter Telomere Length in Postmenopausal Women,” Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 149 (July 2015): 1–7, doi:10.1016/j.mad.2015.05.003.

15. “Folic Acid Fact Sheet,” Womenshealth.gov, http://womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/folic-acid.html, accessed November 27, 2015.

16. Paul, L., et al., “High Plasma Folate Is Negatively Associated with Leukocyte Telomere Length in Framingham Offspring Cohort,” European Journal of Nutrition 54, no. 2 (March 2015): 235–241, doi:10.1007/ s00394–014–0704–1.

17. Entringer, S., et al., “Maternal Psychosocial Stress During Pregnancy Is Associated with Newborn Leukocyte Telomere Length,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 208, no. 2 (February 2013): 134.e1–7, doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.033.

18. Marchetto, N. M., et al., “Prenatal Stress and Newborn Telomere Length,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, January 30, 2016, doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.01.177.

19. Entringer, S., et al., “Influence of Prenatal Psychosocial Stress on Cytokine Production in Adult Women,” Developmental Psychobiology 50, no. 6 (September 2008): 579–587, doi:10.1002/dev.20316.

20. Entringer, S., et al., “Stress Exposure in Intrauterine Life Is Associated with Shorter Telomere Length in Young Adulthood,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, no. 33 (August 16, 2011): E513–518, doi:10.1073/pnas.1107759108.

21. Haussman, M., and B. Heidinger, “Telomere Dynamics May Link Stress Exposure and Ageing across Generations.” Biology Letters 11, no. 11 (November 2015). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0396.

22. Ibid.

Ãëàâà 13. Ðîëü äåòñòâà â íàøåé æèçíè: êàê ðàííèå ãîäû âëèÿþò íà òåëîìåðû

1. Sullivan, M. C.,”For Romania’s Orphans, Adoption Is Still a Rarity,” National Public Radio, August 19, 2012, http://www.npr.org/2012/08/19/ 158924764/for-romanias-orphans-adoption-is-still-a-rarity.

2. Ahern, L., “Orphanages Are No Place for Children,” Washington Post, August 9, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/orphanages-are-no-place-for-children/2013/08/09/6d502fb0-fadd-11e2-a369-d1954 abcb7e3_story.html, accessed October 14, 2015.

3. Felitti, V. J., et al., “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (May 1998): 245–258.

4. Chen, S. H., et al., “Adverse Childhood Experiences and Leukocyte Telomere Maintenance in Depressed and Healthy Adults,” Journal of Affective Disorders 169 (December 2014): 86–90, doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.07.035.

5. Skilton, M. R., et al., “Telomere Length in Early Childhood: Early Life Risk Factors and Association with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Later Childhood,” European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 23, no. 10 (July 2016), 1086–1092, doi:10.1177/2047487315607075.

6. Drury, S. S., et al., “Telomere Length and Early Severe Social Deprivation: Linking Early Adversity and Cellular Aging,” Molecular Psychiatry 17, no. 7 (July 2012): 719–727, doi:10.1038/mp.2011.53.

7. Hamilton, J., “Orphans’ Lonely Beginnings Reveal How Parents Shape a Child’s Brain,” National Public Radio, February 24, 2014, http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/02/20/280237833/orphans-lonely-beginnings-reveal-how-parents-shape-a-childs-brain, accessed October 15, 2015.

8. Powell, A., “Breathtakingly Awful,” Harvard Gazette, October 5, 2010, http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2010/10/breathtakingly-awful/, accessed October 26, 2015.

9. Authors’ interview with Charles Nelson, September 18, 2015.

10. Shalev, I., et al., “Exposure to Violence During Childhood Is Associated with Telomere Erosion from 5 to 10 Years of Age: A Longitudinal Study,” Molecular Psychiatry 18, no. 5 (May 2013): 576–581, doi:10.1038/ mp.2012.32.

11. Price, L. H., et al., “Telomeres and Early-Life Stress: An Overview,” Biological Psychiatry 73, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 15–23, doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.025.

12. Rvsz, D., Y. Milaneschi, E. M. Terpstra, and B. W. J. H. Penninx, “Baseline Biopsychosocial Determinants of Telomere Length and 6-Year Attrition Rate,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 67 (May 2016): –153–162, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.02.007.

13. Danese, A., and B. S. McEwen, “Adverse Childhood Experiences, Allostasis, Allostatic Load, and Age-Related Disease,” Physiology & Behavior 106, no. 1 (April 12, 2012): 29–39, doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.019.

14. Infurna, F. J., C. T. Rivers, J. Reich, and A. J. Zautra, “Childhood Trauma and Personal Mastery: Their Influence on Emotional Reactivity to Every-day Events in a Community Sample of Middle-Aged Adults,” PLOS ONE 10, no. 4 (2015): e0121840, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121840.

15. Schrepf, A., K. Markon, and S. K. Lutgendorf, “From Childhood Trauma to Elevated C – Reactive Protein in Adulthood: The Role of Anxiety and EmotionalEating,” Psychosomatic Medicine 76, no. 5 (June 2014): 327–336, doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000072.

16. Lim, D., and D. DeSteno, “Suffering and Compassion: The Links Among Adverse Life Experiences, Empathy, Compassion, and Prosocial Behavior,” Emotion 16, no. 2 (March 2016): 175–182, doi:10.1037/emo0000144.

17. Asok, A., et al., “Infant-Caregiver Experiences Alter Telomere Length in the Brain,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 7 (2014): e101437, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101437.

18. McEwen, B. S., C. N. Nasca, and J. D. Gray, “Stress Effects on Neuronal Structure: Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Prefrontal Cortex,” Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 41, no. 1 (January 2016): –3–23, doi:10.1038/npp.2015.171. Arnsten, A. F. T., “Stress Signalling Pathways That Impair Prefrontal Cortex Structure and Function,” Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 10, no. 6 (June 2009): 410–422, doi:10.1038/nrn2648.

19. Suomi, S., “Attachment in Rhesus Monkeys,” in Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, ed. J. Cassidy and P. R. Shaver, 3rd ed. (New York: Guilford Press, 2016).

20. Schneper, L., Brooks-Gunn Jeanne, Notterman, Daniel, and Suomi, Stephen. “Early Life Experiences and Telomere Length in Adult Rhesus Monkeys: An Exploratory Study.” Psychosomatic Medicine in press (n.d.).

21. Gunnar, M. R., et al., “Parental Buffering of Fear and Stress Neurobiology: Reviewing Parallels Across Rodent, Monkey, and Human Models,” Social Neuroscience 10, no. 5 (2015): 474–478, doi:10.1080/17470919. 2015.1070198.

22. Hostinar, C. E., R. M. Sullivan, and M. R. Gunnar, “Psychobiological Mechanisms Underlying the Social Buffering of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis: A Review of Animal Models and Human Studies Across Development,” Psychological Bulletin 140, no. 1 (January 2014): 256–282, doi:10.1037/a0032671.

23. Doom, J. R., C. E. Hostinar, A. A. VanZomeren-Dohm, and M. R. Gunnar, “The Roles of Puberty and Age in Explaining the Diminished Effectiveness of Parental Buffering of HPA Reactivity and Recovery in Adolescence,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 59 (September 2015): 102–111, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.04.024.

24. Seery, M. D., et al., “An Upside to Adversity?: Moderate Cumulative Lifetime Adversity Is Associated with Resilient Responses in the Face of Controlled Stressors,” Psychological Science 24, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 1181–1189, doi:10.1177/0956797612469210.

25. Asok, A., et al., “Parental Responsiveness Moderates the Association Between Early-Life Stress and Reduced Telomere Length,” Development and Psychopathology 25, no. 3 (August 2013): 577–585, doi:10.1017/ S0954579413000011.

26. Bernard, K., C. E. Hostinar, and M. Dozier, “Intervention Effects on Diurnal Cortisol Rhythms of Child Protective Services – Referred Infants in Early Childhood: Preschool Follow – Up Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial,” JAMA Pediatrics 169, no. 2 (February 2015): 112–119, doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.2369.

27. Kroenke, C. H., et al., “Autonomic and Adrenocortical Reactivity and Buccal Cell Telomere Length in Kindergarten Children,” Psychosomatic Medicine 73, no. 7 (September 2011): 533–540, doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e318229acfc.

28. Wojcicki, J. M., et al., “Telomere Length Is Associated with Oppositional Defiant Behavior and Maternal Clinical Depression in Latino Preschool Children,” Translational Psychiatry 5 (June 2015): e581, doi:10.1038/ tp.2015.71; and Costa, D. S., et al., “Telomere Length Is Highly Inherited and Associated with Hyperactivity – Impulsivity in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,” Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 8 (July 2015): 28, doi:10.3389/fnmol.2015.00028.

29. Kroenke et al., “Autonomic and Adrenocortical Reactivity and Buccal Cell Telomere Length in Kindergarten Children.” (See #27 above.)

30. Boyce, W. T., and B. J. Ellis, “Biological Sensitivity to Context: I. An -Evolutionary – Developmental Theory of the Origins and Functions of Stress Reactivity.” Development and Psychopathology 17, no. 2 (Spring 2005): 271–301.

31. Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., and M. J. Bakermans-Kranenburg, “Genetic Differential Susceptibility on Trial: Meta-analytic Support from Randomized Controlled Experiments,” Development and Psychopathology 27, no. 1 (February 2015): 151–162, doi:10.1017/S0954579414001369.

32. Colter, M., et al., “Social Disadvantage, Genetic Sensitivity, and Children’s Telomere Length,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 16 (April 22, 2014): 5944–5949, doi:10.1073/pnas.1404293111.

33. Brody, G. H., T. Yu, S. R. H. Beach, and R. A. Philibert, “Prevention Effects Ameliorate the Prospective Association Between Nonsupportive Parenting and Diminished Telomere Length,” Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research 16, no. 2 (February 2015): 171–180, doi:10.1007/s11121–014–0474–2; Beach, S. R. H., et al., “Nonsupportive Parenting Affects Telomere Length in Young Adulthood Among African Americans: Mediation Through Substance Use,” Journal of Family Psychology: JFP: Journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43) 28, no. 6 (December 2014): 967–972, doi:10.1037/fam0000039; and Brody, G. H., et al., “The Adults in the Making Program: Long-Term Protective Stabilizing Effects on Alcohol Use and Substance Use Problems for Rural African American Emerging Adults,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 80, no. 1 (February 2012): 17–28. doi:10.1037/a0026592.

34. Brody et al., “Prevention Effects Ameliorate the Prospective Association Between Nonsupportive Parenting and Diminished Telomere Length”; and Beach et al., “Nonsupportive Parenting Affects Telomere Length in Young Adulthood among African Americans: Mediation through Substance Use.” (See #33 above.)

35. Spielberg, J. M., T. M. Olino, E. E. Forbes, and R. E. Dahl, “Exciting Fear in Adolescence: Does Pubertal Development Alter Threat Processing?” Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 8 (April 2014): –86–95, doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.01.004; and Peper, J. S., and R. E. Dahl, “Surging Hormones: Brain-Behavior Interactions During Puberty,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 22, no. 2 (April 2013): 134–139, doi:10.1177/0963721412473755.

36. Turkle, S., Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age (New York: Penguin Press, 2015).

37. Siegel, D., and T. P. Bryson, The Whole-Brain Child: 12 Revolutionary Strategies to Nurture Your Child’s Developing Mind (New York: Delacorte Press, 2011).

38. Robles, T. F., et al., “Emotions and Family Interactions in Childhood: Associations with Leukocyte Telomere Length Emotions, Family Interactions, and Telomere Length,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 63 (January 2016): 343–350, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.018.

Çàêëþ÷åíèå. Íàøå êëåòî÷íîå íàñëåäèå

1. Pickett, K. E., and R. G. Wilkinson, “Inequality: An Underacknowledged Source of Mental Illness and Distress,” British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 197, no. 6 (December 2010): –426–428, doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.072066.

2. Ibid; and Wilkerson, R. G., and K. Pickett, The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better (London: Allen Lane, 2009).

3. Stone, C., D. Trisi, A. Sherman, and B. Debot, “A Guide to Statistics on Historical Trends in Income Inequality,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, updated October 26, 2015, http://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/a-guide-to-statistics-on-historical-trends-in-income-inequality.

4. Pickett, K. E., and R. G. Wilkinson, “The Ethical and Policy Implications of Research on Income Inequality and Child Well-being,” Pediatrics 135 Suppl. 2 (March 2015): S39–47, doi:10.1542/peds.2014–3549E.

5. Mayer, E. A., et al., “Gut Microbes and the Brain: Paradigm Shift in Neuroscience,” Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 34, no. 46 (November 12, 2014): 15490–15496. doi:10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.3299–14.2014; Picard, M., R, – P. Juster, and B. S. McEwen, – “Mitochondrial Allostatic Load Puts the ‘Gluc’ Back in Gluco-corticoids,” Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 10, no. 5 (May 2014): 303–310. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.22; and Picard, M., et al., “Chronic Stress and Mitochondria Function in Humans,” under review.

6. Varela, F. J., E. Thompson, and E. Rosch, The Embodied Mind (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991).

7. “Zuckerberg: One in Seven People on the Planet Used Facebook on Monday,” Guardian, August 28, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/27/facebook-1bn-users-day-mark-zuckerberg, accessed October 26, 2015. “Number of Monthly Active Facebook Users Worldwide as of 1st Quarter 2016 (in Millions),” Statista, http://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/.

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