Áèáëèÿ òðèàòëåòà. Èñ÷åðïûâàþùåå ðóêîâîäñòâî Ôðèë Äæî

Òðåíèðîâî÷íàÿ çîíà – ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûå êàòåãîðèè èíòåíñèâíîñòè, îñíîâàííûå íà ïîêàçàòåëÿõ ïóëüñà, òåìïà èëè ìîùíîñòè è îïðåäåëÿþùèå óíèêàëüíûå ñïîñîáíîñòè ñïîðòñìåíà. Êàê ïðàâèëî, çàâèñÿò îò ëè÷íûõ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ îñîáåííîñòåé, òàêèõ êàê àíàýðîáíûé, ëàêòàòíûé èëè ôóíêöèîíàëüíûé ïîðîã. Èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ èíòåíñèâíîñòè òðåíèðîâêè èëè ÷àñòè òðåíèðîâêè. Ñì. àíàýðîáíûé ïîðîã, ëàêòàòíûé ïîðîã è ôóíêöèîíàëüíàÿ ïîðîãîâàÿ ìîùíîñòü.

Òðåíèðîâî÷íûé ïðîöåññ – êîìïëåêñíàÿ ïðîãðàììà òðåíèðîâîê èëè åå ÷àñòü, íàïðàâëåííàÿ íà ïîäãîòîâêó ñïîðòñìåíà ê ãîíêå.

Òðèàòëîííàÿ ãîíêà íà äëèííûå äèñòàíöèè – ãîíêà, ðàâíàÿ half-Ironman (113 êì) èëè Ironman (226 êì). Ñì. òðèàòëîííàÿ ãîíêà íà êîðîòêèå äèñòàíöèè.

Òðèàòëîííàÿ ãîíêà íà êîðîòêèå äèñòàíöèè – ñïðèíòåðñêàÿ (25,75 êì) è îëèìïèéñêàÿ (ñòàíäàðòíàÿ) (51,5 êì) äèñòàíöèè. Ñì. òðèàòëîííàÿ ãîíêà íà äëèííûå äèñòàíöèè.

Óãëåâîäíàÿ çàãðóçêà – îñîáàÿ äèåòà, íàïðàâëåííàÿ íà ïîâûøåíèå óðîâíÿ ãëèêîãåíà â ìûøöàõ çà ñ÷åò ðîñòà îáúåìà ïîãëîùàåìûõ óãëåâîäîâ çà íåñêîëüêî äíåé äî ãîíêè.

Óñèëèå – ðàáîòà ìûøö, íåîáõîäèìàÿ äëÿ ïðåîäîëåíèÿ ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ. Íàïðèìåð, ÷òîáû íàæàòü ïåäàëü, íóæíî ïðèëîæèòü óñèëèå. Ñì. ìîìåíò.

Óñòàëîñòü – â ñïîðòå ýòî õðîíè÷åñêîå ïåðåíàïðÿæåíèå îò òðåíèðîâîê.

Óñòðîéñòâî GPS – ýëåêòðîííîå óñòðîéñòâî, êîòîðîå ìîæíî íîñèòü íà çàïÿñòüå èëè óñòàíîâèòü íà ðóëü âåëîñèïåäà. Îíî îïðåäåëÿåò ïîëîæåíèå è èçìåðÿåò ðàññòîÿíèå è ñêîðîñòü ñ ïîìîùüþ àìåðèêàíñêîé ñèñòåìû ãëîáàëüíîãî ïîçèöèîíèðîâàíèÿ (Global Positioning System). Äàííûå èç óñòðîéñòâà ìîæíî çàãðóçèòü â êîìïüþòåð äëÿ àíàëèçà òðåíèðîâêè.

Ôàêòîð èíòåíñèâíîñòè (ÔÈ) – ïîêàçàòåëü ìîùíîñòè, ñ ïîìîùüþ êîòîðîãî îöåíèâàþò èíòåíñèâíîñòü òðåíèðîâêè. ×òîáû îïðåäåëèòü ÔÈ, íóæíî ðàçäåëèòü íîðìàëèçîâàííóþ ìîùíîñòü (ÍÌ) íà ôóíêöèîíàëüíóþ ïîðîãîâóþ ìîùíîñòü (ÔÏÌ) ñïîðòñìåíà (ÔÈ = ÍÌ  ÔÌÏ). Ñì. èíòåíñèâíîñòü, íîðìàëèçîâàííàÿ ìîùíîñòü è ôóíêöèîíàëüíàÿ ïîðîãîâàÿ ìîùíîñòü.

Ôàðòëåê (îò øâåä. fartlek – «ñêîðîñòíàÿ èãðà») – ðàçíîâèäíîñòü èíòåðâàëüíîé òðåíèðîâêè, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ íåðèòìè÷íîñòüþ; åå èíòåíñèâíûå ýòàïû è ôàçû âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ñóáúåêòèâíû è çàâèñÿò îò âíåçàïíûõ ðåøåíèé ñïîðòñìåíà.

Ôîðìà – ãîòîâíîñòü ñïîðòñìåíà ê ãîíêå. Îñîáåííî âàæíî, ÷òîáû â äåíü ãîíêè ó àòëåòà áûëè îòíîñèòåëüíî âûñîêàÿ òðåíèðîâàííîñòü, áîäðîñòü è îòñóòñòâîâàëà óñòàëîñòü.

Ôóíêöèîíàëüíàÿ ïîðîãîâàÿ ìîùíîñòü (ïîðîã) – òåðìèí, èñïîëüçóþùèéñÿ â ïëàâàíèè è áåãå äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ôóíêöèîíàëüíîãî ïîðîãîâîãî òåìïà (FTP), à â âåëîñïîðòå – ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé ïîðîãîâîé ìîùíîñòè (bFTP). Îáà ïîíÿòèÿ îòíîñÿòñÿ ê óðîâíþ èíòåíñèâíîñòè, ïðèðàâíåííîé ê àíàýðîáíîìó èëè ëàêòàòíîìó ïîðîãó. Äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ óðîâíÿ èíòåíñèâíîñòè ñóùåñòâóåò ñïåöèàëüíûé òåñò, êîòîðûé ìîæíî ñäåëàòü ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî âìåñòî îïðåäåëåíèÿ ðàñõîäà êèñëîðîäà èëè íàêîïëåíèÿ ëàêòàòà â êëèíè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ. Îáû÷íî òåñò âûïîëíÿåòñÿ çà 20 ìèíóò. Äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ FTP íóæíî îòíÿòü 5 % îò ñðåäíåé ñêîðîñòè ïëàâàíèÿ èëè áåãà; ÷òîáû îïðåäåëèòü bFTP, íóæíî îòíÿòü 5 % îò ñðåäíåé ìîùíîñòè åçäû íà âåëîñèïåäå. Ñì. àíàýðîáíûé ïîðîã è ëàêòàòíûé ïîðîã.

Öåíòðàëüíàÿ íåðâíàÿ ñèñòåìà – îñíîâíàÿ ÷àñòü íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû ÷åëîâåêà: ñïèííîé è ãîëîâíîé ìîçã.

×àñòîòà – êîëè÷åñòâî òðåíèðîâîê â íåäåëþ.

Øàòóí – ó âåëîñèïåäà: ðû÷àã, íà êîòîðûé êðåïÿòñÿ ïåäàëè.

Ýêîíîìè÷íîñòü – ïîêàçàòåëü ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ çàòðàò â ïëàâàíèè, âåëîñïîðòå èëè áåãå. ×àñòî âûðàæàåòñÿ â ëèòðàõ ïîòðåáëÿåìîãî êèñëîðîäà íà îïðåäåëåííîé äèñòàíöèè èëè çà îïðåäåëåííîå âðåìÿ. Íàáèðàÿ ýêîíîìè÷íîñòü, ñïîðòñìåí ïîòðåáëÿåò ìåíüøå êèñëîðîäà ïðè îïðåäåëåííîì òåìïå èëè ìîùíîñòè. Ñì. òðåíèðîâàííîñòü.

Ýêñöåíòðè÷åñêîå ñîêðàùåíèå – ðàñòÿæåíèå ìûøöû ïðè åå ñîêðàùåíèè; íàïðèìåð, òàê ñîêðàùàåòñÿ áèöåïñ ïðè ìåäëåííîì ðàçãèáàíèè ðóê ñ òÿæåëûì âåñîì, êîòîðûé áûë ïîäíÿò ïðè ñãèáàíèè ðóêè.  áåãå ÷åòûðåõãëàâûå ìûøöû ñîêðàùàþòñÿ ýêñöåíòðè÷åñêè. Ñì. êîíöåíòðè÷åñêîå ñîêðàùåíèå.

Ýðãîãåíè÷åñêàÿ ïîääåðæêà – âåùåñòâà èëè ñðåäñòâà, êîòîðûå ìîãóò óëó÷øèòü ñïîðòèâíûå ðåçóëüòàòû. Íàïðèìåð, ÷àñòî êîôåèí ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ýðãîãåíè÷åñêîé ïîääåðæêîé â âèäàõ ñïîðòà íà âûíîñëèâîñòü. Íåêîòîðûå åå âèäû â òðèàòëîíå çàïðåùåíû.

Áëàãîäàðíîñòè

Îãðîìíûé âêëàä â ñîçäàíèå ýòîé êíèãè âíåñëè ñîòíè àòëåòîâ, êîòîðûõ ÿ òðåíèðîâàë áîëåå 30 ëåò. Èõ çàìå÷àíèÿ, âîïðîñû, ìûñëè è ÷óâñòâà äàëè öåííóþ èíôîðìàöèþ ê ðàçìûøëåíèþ, áëàãîäàðÿ ÷åìó ìîè ñïîðòèâíàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ è ìåòîäîëîãèÿ ðåãóëÿðíî âèäîèçìåíÿëèñü. Àòëåòû ïðîäîëæàþò çàäàâàòü çàíèìàòåëüíûå âîïðîñû â òðåíèðîâî÷íûõ ëàãåðÿõ, íà ñåìèíàðàõ, â ñîöèàëüíûõ ñåòÿõ, ïî ïî÷òå, â ìîåì áëîãå. Èõ ëþáîïûòñòâó íåò ïðåäåëà, è îíî çàðàçèòåëüíî. Áåç èõ ïîñòîÿííîãî èíòåðåñà ê òðåíèðîâêàì è âîñõèùåíèÿ ïðîöåññîì ÿ áû íèêîãäà íå ïåðåøåë ê òðåíåðñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè è íå íàïèñàë áû ýòó êíèãó. ß â íåìàëîì äîëãó ó ýòèõ ñïîðòñìåíîâ.

Ïîìîãàëè ìíå è ìíîãèå äðóãèå ëþäè. Îñîáåííî ïîëåçíûìè îêàçàëèñü îòçûâ íà ãëàâó 1 Ðîáà Ãðèôôèòñà, âëàäåëüöà è äèðåêòîðà Training Bible Coaching â Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè; àíàëèç Íýéòîì Êîõîì èç Endurance Rehabilitation ìîèõ ïðåäëîæåíèé ïî ïðîâåðêå òðåíèðîâàííîñòè â ãëàâå 5; à òàêæå ðåöåíçèè è ïðåäëîæåíèÿ Äæîøà Ñóò÷àðà, äèðåêòîðà ïî ðàáîòå ñ êëèåíòàìè â TrainHeroic, íà ãëàâó 13. ß áëàãîäàðþ âñåõ.

Êàê âñåãäà, ðåäàêòóðà è äèçàéí êîìàíäû VeloPress ïîìîãëè ñäåëàòü êíèãó áîëåå ïðèÿòíîé è ëåãêîé äëÿ âîñïðèÿòèÿ. Ñïàñèáî Êîííè Ýðèíã, Âèêè Õîóïâåëë è Áàðáàðå Ãîðìèñ. Áëàãîäàðþ òàêæå ×àðëè Ëåéòîíà, êîòîðûé ïðåîáðàçèë ìîè ãðóáûå íàáðîñêè â ïðåêðàñíûå ðèñóíêè, èëëþñòðèðóþùèå êíèãó. Îò âñåãî ñåðäöà áëàãîäàðþ èçäàòåëÿ Òåäà Êîíñòàíòèíî, êîòîðûé ïîáóäèë ìåíÿ âíîâü èçëîæèòü ìûñëè íà áóìàãå è îñòàâàëñÿ ñî ìíîé, íåâçèðàÿ íà òî, ÷òî ïðîöåññ çàòÿíóëñÿ áîëåå ÷åì íà ïîëòîðà ãîäà.

Íàêîíåö, õî÷ó ïîáëàãîäàðèòü ñâîþ æåíó Äæîéñ, êîòîðàÿ ìèðèëàñü ñ ìîèì åæåäíåâíûì ïîäúåìîì â ÷åòûðå óòðà ðàäè ðàáîòû, êîãäà ÿ èññëåäîâàë è çàïèñûâàë ñàìûå ïîðàçèòåëüíûå äëÿ ñåáÿ âåùè. Áåç åå ïîääåðæêè, ïðåäàííîñòè è ïîîùðåíèÿ â ýòè áîëåå ÷åì ïÿòüäåñÿò ñîâìåñòíûõ ëåò ÿ áû íèêîãäà íå ñìîã ïðåòâîðèòü ñâîè ìå÷òû â æèçíü.

Áèáëèîãðàôèÿ

Ãëàâà 1. Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ãîòîâíîñòü

Blanchfield, A. W., J. Hardy, H. M. De Morree, W. Staiano, and S. M. Marcora. “Talking Yourself Out of Exhaustion: the Effects of Self-Talk on Endurance Performance”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (2014) 46 (5): 998–1007.

Casey, B. J., L. H. Somerville, I. H. Gotlib, O.Ayduk, N. T. Franklin, M. K. Askren, J. Jonides, M. G. Berman, N. L. Wilson, T. Teslovich, G. Glover, V. Zayas, W. Mischel, and Y. Shoda. “Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Delay of Gratification 40 Years Later”. Proceedingsof the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2011) 108 (36): 14998–15003.

Jones, G. “How the Best of the Best Get Better and Better”. Harvard Business Review (2008) 86 (6): 123–127, 142.

Zadow, E. K., N. Gordon, C. R. Abbiss, and J. J. Peifer. “Pacing, the Missing Piece of the Puzzle to High-Intensity Interval Training”. International Journal of Sports Medicine (2015) 36 (3): 215–219.

Ãëàâà 2. Òðåíèðîâàííîñòü

Bouchard, C., M. A. Sarzynski, T. K. Rice, W. E. Kraus, T. S. Church, Y. J. Sung, D. C. Rao, and T. Rankinen. “Genomic Predictors of Maximal Oxygen Uptake Response to Standardized Exercise Training Programs”. Journal of Applied Physiology (2010) 110 (5): 1160–1170.

Ericsson, K. A. “Training History, Deliberate Practice and Elite Sports Performance: An Analysis in Response to Tucker and Collins Review – What Makes Champions?” British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013) 47 (9): 533–535.

Lehmann, M. J., W. Lormes, A. Opitz-Gress, J. M. Steinacker, N. Netzer, C. Foster, and U. Gastman. “Training and Overtraining: An Overview and Experimental Results in Endurance Sports”. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness (1997) 37 (1): 7–17.

Meeusen, R., D. Martine, C. Foster, A. Fry, M. Gleeson, D. Nieman, J. Raglin, G. Rietjens, J. Steinacker, A. Urhausen, European College of Sport Science, and American College of Sports Medicine. “Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of the Overtraining Syndrome: Joint Consensus Statement of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)”. European Journal of Sport Science (2013) 13 (1): 1–24.

Ãëàâà 3. Îñíîâíûå ïîíÿòèÿ òðåíèðîâîê

Bangsbo, J., T. P. Gunnarsson, J. Wendell, L. Nybo, and M. Homassen. “Reduced Volume and Increased Training Intensity Elevate Muscle Na+/K+{alpha}2-Subunit Expression as Well as Short- and Long-term Work Capacity in Humans”. Journal of Applied Physiology (2009) 107 (6): 1771–1780.

Bannister, E. W., R. H. Morton, and J. Fitz-Clarke. “Dose/Response Effects of Exercises Modeled from Training: Physical and Biochemical Measures”. Annals of Physiology and Anthropology (1992) 11 (3): 345–356. Borg, G. “Perceived Exertion as an Indicator of Somatic Stress”. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine (1970) 2 (2): 92–98.

Brisswalter, J., P. Legros, and M. Durand. “Running Economy, Preferred Step Length Correlated to Body Dimensions in Elite Middle Distance Runners”. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness (1996) 36 (1): 7–15.

Busso, T., R. Candan, and J. R. Lacour. “Fatigue and Fitness Modelled from the Effects of Training on Performance”. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology (1994) 69 (1): 50–54.

Costill, D. L., R. Thomas, R. A. Roberts, D. D. Pascoe, C. P. Lambert, S. I. Barr, and W. J. Fink. “Adaptations to Swimming Training: Influence of Training Volume”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (1991) 23 (3): 371–377.

Ekblom, B., and A. N. Goldbarg. “The Influence of Physical Training and Other Factors on the Subjective Rating of Perceived Exertion”. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica (1971) 83 (3): 399–406.

Fitz-Clarke, J. R., R. H. Morton, and E. W.Banister. “Optimizing Athletic Performance by Influence Curves”. Journal of Applied Physiology (1991) 71 (3): 1151–1158.

Helgerud, J., K. Hoydal, E. Wang, T. Karlsen, P. Berg, M. Bjerkaas, T. Simonsen, C. Helgesen, N. Hjorth, R. Bach, and J. Hof. “Aerobic High-Intensity Intervals Improve VO2max More than Moderate Training”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (2007) 39 (4): 665–671.

Kubukeli, Z. N., T. D. Noakes, and S. C. Dennis. “Training Techniques to Improve Endurance Exercise Performances”. Sports Medicine (2002) 32 (8): 489–509.

Laursen, P. B., and D. G. Jenkins. “The Scientific Basis for High-Intensity Interval Training: Optimizing Training Programmes and Maximising Performance in Highly Trained Endurance Athletes”. Sports Medicine (2002) 32 (1): 53–73.

Lehmann, M., H. Mann, V. Gastmann, J. Keul, D. Vetter, J. M. Steinacker, and D. Haussinger. “Unaccustomed High-Mileage vs Intensity Training-Related Changes in Performance and Serum Amino Acid Levels”. International Journal of Sports Medicine (1996) 17 (3): 187–192.

Lindsay, F. H., J. A. Hawley, K. H. Myburgh, H. H. Schomer, T. D. Noakes, and S. C. Dennis. “Improved Athletic Performance in Highly Trained Cyclists After Interval Training”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (1996) 28 (11): 1427–1434.

Midgley, A. W., L. R. McNaughton, and N. M. Wilkinson. “Is here an Optimal Training Intensity for Enhancing the Maximal Oxygen Uptake of Distance Runners?: Empirical Research Findings, Current Opinions, Physiological Rationale and Practical Recommendations”. Sports Medicine (2006) 36 (2): 117–132.

Millet, G. P., A. Lambert, B. Barbier, J. D. Rouillon, and R. B. Candan. “Modelling the Relationships Between Training, Anxiety, and Fatigue in Elite Athletes”. International Journal of Sports Medicine (2005) 26 (6): 492–498.

Morton, R. H. “Modeling Training and Overtraining”. Journal of Sports Sciences (1997) 15 (3): 335–340.

Morton, R. H., J. R. Fitz-Clarke, and E. W. Banister. “Modeling Human Performance in Running”. Journal of Applied Physiology (1990) 69 (3): 1171–1177.

Neal, C. M., A. M. Hunter, L. Brennan, A. O’Sullivan, D. L. Hamilton, G. DeVito, and S. D. Galloway. “Six Weeks of a Polarized Training Intensity Distribution Leads to Greater Physiological and Performance Adaptations than a Threshold Model in Trained Cyclists”. Journal of Applied Physiology (2013) 114 (4): 461–471.

Taha, T., and S. G. homas. “Systems Modelling of the Relationship Between Training and Performance”. Sports Medicine (2003) 33 (14): 1061–1073.

Tanaka, H. “Effects of Cross-Training. Transfer of Training Effects on VO2max Between Cycling, Running and Swimming”. Sports Medicine (1994) 18 (5): 330–339.

Westgarth-Taylor, C., J. A. Hawley, S. Rickard, K.H. Myburgh, T. D. Noakes, and S. C. Dennis. “Metabolic and Performance Adaptations to Interval Training in Endurance-Trained Cyclists”. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology (1997) 75 (4): 298–304.

Ãëàâà 4. Èíòåíñèâíîñòü òðåíèðîâîê

Beneke, R., R. M. Leithauser, and Q. Ochentel. “Blood Lactate Diagnostics in Exercise Testing and Training”. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 6 (1) (2011): 8–24.

Estave-Lanao, J., C. Foster, S. Seiler, and A. Lucia. “Impact of Training Intensity Distribution on Performance in Endurance Athletes”. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21 (3) (2007): 943–949.

Estave-Lanao, J., A. F. San Juan, C. P. Earnest, C. Foster, and A. Lucia. “How Do Endurance Runners Actually Train? Relationship with Competition Performance”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (2005) 37 (3): 496–504.

Fiskerstrand, A., and S. Seiler. “Training and Performance Characteristics Among Norwegian International Rowers 1970–2001”. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports (2004) 14 (5): 303–310.

Gaskill, S. E., R. C. Serfass, D. W. Bacharach, and J. M. Kelly. “Responses to Training in Cross-Country Skiers”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (1999) 31 (8): 1211–1217.

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