Власть, влияние и политика в организациях Пфеффер Джеффри

James D. Th ompson and Arthur Tuden, «Strategies, Structures and Processes of Organizational Decision», Comparative Studies in Administration, eds. J.-D. Th ompson et al. (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1959): 195–216.

David Halberstam, Th e Reckoning (New York: William Morrow, 1986).

Patrick Wgright, On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors (Grosse MI: Wright Enterprises, 1979), 33.

Salancik and Pfeff er, «Bases and Use of Power».

Chris Argyris, Behind the Front Page (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974).

Diana Tillinghast, «Th e Los Angeles Times: Weakening of Territorial Imperative», Newspaper Research Journal 1 (1980): 18–26.

Herbert E. Meyer, «Shootout at the Johns-Mansville Corral», Fortune (October 1976): 146–154.

Ibid., 154.

Hugh D. Menzies, «Th e Boardroom Battle at Bendix», Fortune (January 11, 1982): 54–64.

John P. Kotter, Th e General Managers (New York: Free Press, 1982), «Power, Success, and Organizational Eff ectiveness», and Power and Infl uence.

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Andrew M. Pettigrew, Politics of Organizational Decision-Making (London: Tavistock, 1973), 240.

David Krackhardt, «Assessing the Political Landscape: Structure, Cognition and Power in Organizations», Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (1990): 342–369.

Jeff rey Pfeff er and Gerald R. Salancik, «Administrator Eff ectiveness: Th e Eff ects of Advocacy and Information on Resource Allocations», Human Relations 30 (1977): 641–656.

Mark Stevens, Sudden Death: Th e Rise and Fall of E.F. Hutton (New York: Penguin, 1989), 52–53.

Ibid., 51–52.

Ibid., 215.

Henri Tajfel and Joseph P. Forgas, «Social Categorization: Cognitions, Values and Groups», Social Cognition: Perspectives on Everyday Understanding, ed. Joseph P. Forgas (New York: Academic Press, 1981), 113–140.

Marilynn B. Brewer and Roderick M. Kramer, «Th e Psychology of Intergroup Attitudes and Behavior», Annual Review of Psychology 36 (1985): 219–243.

Charles Perrow, «Departmental Power and Perspectives in Industrial Firms», Power in Organizations, ed. Mayer K. Zald (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1970), 59–89.

C.R. Hinings et al., «Structural Conditions of Intraorganizational Power», Administative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 22–44.

Jeff rey Pfeff er and Gerald R. Salancik, «Organizational Decision Making as a Political Process: Th e Case of a University Budget», Administrative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 135–151; Jeff rey Pfeff er and William L. Moore, «Power in University Budgeting: A Replication and Extension», Administrative Science Quarterly 25 (1980): 637–653.

Martin Patchen, «Th e Locus and Basis of Infl uence in Organizational Decisions», Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 11 (1974):

195–221.

Nelson W. Polsby, «How to Study Community Power: Th e Pluralist Alternative», Journal of Politics 22 (1960): 474–484.

Pfeff er and Salancik, «Organizational Decision Making»; Pfeff er and Moore, «Power in University Budgeting».

Stevens, Sudden Death, 160.

T.L. Whisler et al., Centralization of Organizational Control: An Empirical Study of Its Meaning and Measurement”, Journal of Business 40 (1967): 10–26.

Michael Lewis, Liar’s Poker: Rising through the Wreckage on Wall Street (New York: Penguin, 1990), 59.

John R.P. French, Jr., and Bertram Raven, «Th e Bases of Social Power», Group Dynamics, eds. Dorwin Cartwright and Alvin Zander, 3rd ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1968), 259–269; Patchen, «Locus and Basis of Infl uence», 210.

Stevens, Sudden Death.

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Michael L. Tushman, William H. Newman, and Elaine Romanelli, «Convergence and Upheaval: Managing the Unsteady Pace of Organizational Evolution», California Management Review 29 (1986): 29–44.

R.E. Nisbett and L. Ross, Human Inferences: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliff s, NJ: Prentice-Half, 1980).

Linda E. Ginzel, «Th e Impact of Biased Feedback Strategies on Performance Judgments», Research Paper #1102 (Palo Alto, CA: Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, 1990).

Ibid., 26.

Robert W. Allen et al., «Organizational Politics: Tactics and Characteristics of Its Actors», California Management Review 22 (1979): 77–83.

David G. Winter, «Leader Appeal, Leader Performance, and the Motive Profi les of Leaders and Followers: A Study of American Presidents and Elections», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987): 196–202.

Ibid., 200.

Christopher H. Achen, Th e Statistical Analysis of Quasi-Experiments (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).

Andrew M. Pettigrew, Politics of Organizational Decision-Making London: Tavistock, 1973), 17.

Ibid., 31.

D.J. Hickson et al., «A Strategic Contingencies’ Th eory of Intraorganizational Power», Administrative Science Quarterly 16 (1971): 216–229.

Martin Patchen, «Th e Locus and Basis of Infl uence in Organizational Decisions», Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 11 (1974): 209.

Ibid., 213.

George Strauss, «Tactics of Lateral Relationship: Th e Purchasing Agent», Administrative Science Quarterly 7 (1962): 161–186.

Michael L. Tushman and Elaine Romanelli, «Uncertainty, Social Location and Infl uence in Decision Making: A Sociometric Analysis», Management Science 29 (1983): 12–23.

Gerald R. Salancik, Jeff rey Pfeff er, and J. Patrick Kelly, «A Contingency Model of Infl uence in Organizational Decision Making», Pacifi c Sociological Review 21 (1978): 239–256.

Ibid., 253.

Bernard M. Bass, «Evolving Perspectives on Charismatic Leadership», Charismatic Leadership, eds. Jay A. Conger, Rabindra N. Kanungo and Associates (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988), 40–77.

Robert J. House, William D. Spangler, and James Woycke, «Personality and Charisma in the U.S. Presidency: A Psychological Th eory of Leadership Effectiveness», unpublished, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 1989.

Ibid.; Robert J. House, «A 1976 Th eory of Charismatic Leadership» Leadership: Th e Cutting Edge, eds. J.G. Huntand L.L. Larson (Carbondale:

Southern Illinois University Press, 1977).

House, Spangler, and Woycke, «Personality and Charisma».

Nancy C. Roberts and Raymond Trevor Bradley, «Limits of Charisma» Charismatic Leadership, eds. Jay A. Conger, Rabindra N. Karmngo and Associates (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988), 253–275.

Ibid., 254. 24. Ibid., 260.

Ibid., 263.

Ibid.

Ibid., 264.

Ibid., 269.

Ibid.

Ibid., 268.

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Robert A. Caro, Th e Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Random House, 1974).

Robert A. Caro, Th e Path to Power: Th e Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), 261.

Ibid., 263.

Ibid., 264–265.

David Halberstam, Th e Reckoning (New York: William Morrow, 1986); Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: Th e Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: William Morrow, 1989).

Douglas K. Smith and Robert C. Alexander, Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Th en Ignored, the First Personal Computer (New York: William Morrow, 1988).

Max Holland, When the Machine Stopped (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1989).

Jeff rey Pfeff er and Gerald R. Salancik, Th e External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), 48–49.

Richard C. Edwards, Contested Terrain: Th e Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 1979).

Sanford M. Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900–1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985).

John M. Barry, Th e Ambition and the Power (New York: Viking, 1989).

Ibid., 68.

Ibid., 69. 14. Ibid., 70.

Ibid.

Richard M. Emerson, «Power-Dependence Relations», American Sociological Review 27 (1962): 31–41; Peter M. Blau, Exchange and Power in Social Life (New York: John Wiley, 1964).

Otto A. Davis, M.A.H. Dempster, and Aaron Wildavsky, «A Th eory of the Budgeting Process», American Political Science Review 60 (1966): 529–547; Jeff rey Pfeff er and Gerald R. Salancik, «Organizational Decision Making as a Political Process: Th e Case of a University Budget», Administrative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 135–151; Jeff rey Pfeff er and William L. Moore, «Power in University Budgeting: A Replication and Extension», Administrative Science Quarterly 25 (1980): 637–653.

Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, «Choices, Values, and Frames», American Psychologist 39 (1984): 341–350.

Gerald R. Salancik and Jeff rey Pfeff er, «Th e Bases and Use of Power in Organizational Decision Making: Th e Case of a University», Administrative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 135–151; Pfeff er and Moore, «Power in University Budgeting».

Janice Lodahl and Gerald Gordon, «Funding the Sciences in University Departments», Educational Record 54 (1973): 74–82.

Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, «Th e Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields», American Sociological Review 48 (1983): 147–160.

Robert P. Gandossy, Bad Business: Th e OPM Scandal and the Seduction of the Establishment (New York: Basic Books, 1985), 5.

Ibid., 11.

Ibid., 38-39

Ibid., 39.

Ibid., 41. 27. Ibid., 44.

Ibid., 52.

Ibid., 53.

Ibid., 215.

Jeff rey Pfeff er and Alison Konrad, «Th e Eff ects of Individual Power on Earnings», Work and Occupations (in press, 1991).

Halberstam, Th e Reckoning.

Ibid., 136.

Ibid., 141.

Ibid., 148.

Ibid., 156.

Ibid., 183.

Barry, Th e Ambition and the Power, 18.

Bryan Burrough and John Helyar, Barbarians at the Gate: Th e Fall of RJR Nabisco (New York: Harper and Row, 1990), 35.

Barry, Th e Ambition and the Power, 71.

Ibid., 76.

Ibid., 84.

J. Patrick Wright, On a Clear Day Yow Can See General Motors (Grosse Point, MI; Wright Enterprises, 1979), 41.

Donald L. Helmich and Warren B. Brown, «Successor Type and Organizational Change in the Corporate Enterprise», Administrative Science Quarterly 17 (1972): 371–381.

Alvin W. Gouldner, «Th e Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement», American Sociological Review 25 (1960): 161–178.

Caro, Th e Power Broker.

Burrough and Helyar, Barbarians at the Gate, 63.

Ibid., 37.

Hugh D. Menzies, «Th e Boardroom Battle at Bendix», Fortune (January 11, 1982): 62.

Burrough and Helyar, Barbarians at the Gate, 63.

Ibid., 64.

Frank Rose, West of Eden: Th e End of Innocence at Apple Computer (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989), 132.

Ken Auletta, «Power, Greed and Glory on Wall Street: Th e Fall of Lehman Brothers», New York Times Magazine (February 17, 1985): 34.

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Linton C. Freeman, «Centrality in Social Networks: Conceptual Clarifi cations», Social Networks 1 (1979): 215–239; Daniel J. Brass, «Being in the Right Place: A Structural Analysis of Individual Infl uence in an Organization», Administrative Science Quarterly 29 (1984): 518–539.

Freeman, «Centrality in Social Networks».

Alex Bavelas, «Communication Patterns in Task Oriented Groups»,

Journal of Acoustical Society of America 22 (1950): 725–730; Harold J. Leavitt, «Eff ects of Certain Communication Patterns on Group Performance», Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 46 (1951): 38–50.

Kenneth D. Mackenzie, A Th eory of Group Structures (London: Gordon and Breach, 1975).

Jay R. Galbraith, Designing Complex Organizations (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1973).

Ibid.

Hickson et al., «A Strategic Contingencies’ Th eory of Intraorganizational Power», Administrative Science Quarterly 16 (1971): 216–229.

Andrew M. Pettigrew, «Information Control as a Power Resource»,Sociology 6 (1972): 190–191.

Brass, «Being in the Right Place», 519.

Ibid., 525.

Ibid., 532.

David Krackhardt, «Assessing the Political Landscape; Structure, Cognition and Power in Organizations», Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (1990): 342–369.

Jeff rey Pfeff er and Alison Konrad, «Th e Eff ects of Individual Power on Earnings», Work and Occupations (in press, 1991).

Frank Rose, West of Eden: Th e End of Innocence at Apple Computer (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989), 244–245.

Ibid., 298.

Robert A. Caro, Th e Path to Power: Th e Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), 266.

Mark Stevens, Sudden Death: Th e Rise and Fall of E.F. Hutton (New York: Penguin, 1989), 161.

Henry Kissinger, Th e White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 47.

David Halberstam, Th e Reckoning (New York: William Morrow, 1986); Neil Fligstein, «Th e Intraorganizational Power Struggle: Rise of Finance Personnel to Top Leadership in Large Corporations, 1919–1979», American Sociological Review 52 (1987): 44–58.

Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: Th e Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: William Morrow, 1989), 58.

Ibid., 60–61.

Festinger, S. Schacter, and K. Back, Social! Pressures in Informal Groups (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1950).

John P. Kotter, «Power, Success, and Organizational Eff ectiveness», Organizational Dynamics 6, no. 3 (1978): 27–40.

Christopher Byron, Th e Fanciest Dive (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986).

Patrick Wright, On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors (Grosse point, MI: Wright Enterprises, 1979).

Rosabeth M. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1977).

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New York Times (July 15, 1978): 23.

Sally Bedell Smith, In All His Glory: Th e Life of William S. Paley (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 397.

David Mechanic, «Sources of Power of Lower Participants in Complex Organizations», Administrative Science Quarterly 7 (1962): 349–364.

John W. Gardner, On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990), 24.

Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority (New York: Harper and Row, 1974).

Max Weber, Th e Th eory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Free Press, 1947).

Steven Bach, Final Cut: Dreams and Disaster in the Making of Heavens Gate (New York: William Morrow, 1985), 54.

Lynne G. Zucker, «Th e Role of Institutionalization in Cultural Persistence», American Sociological Review 42 (1977): 726–743.

R.C. Jacobs and D.T. Campbell, «Th e Perpetuation of an Arbitrary Tradition Th rough Successive Generations of a Laboratory Microculture», Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 62 (1961): 649–658.

Zucker, «Th e Role of Institutionalization», 732.

Ibid., 732–733.

J. Sterling Livingston, «Pygmalion in Management», Harvard Business Review 47 (July — August 1969): 81–89; W. Peter Archibald, «Alternative Explanations for Self-Fulfi lling Prophecy», Psychological Bulletin 81 (1974): 74–84.

Mark Snyder, «Self-Fulfi lling Stereotypes», Psychology Today 16 (July 1982): 60–68.

Lloyd H. Strickland, «Surveillance and Trust», Journal of Personality 26 (1958): 200–215.

Rosabeth M. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1977).

David E. Berlew and Douglas T. Hall, «Th e Socialization of Managers: Eff ects of Expectations on Performance», Administrative Science Quarterly 11 (1966): 207–223.

Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: Th e Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: William Morrow, 1989), 66–67.

Ibid., 67.

Smith, In All His Glory, 150.

Ibid., 152.

Ibid., 153.

Ibid., 156.

Henry Kissinger, Th e White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 47.

Ibid., 47.

David Halberstam, Th e Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972), 79.

Ibid., 80.

M.J. Lerner and C.H. Simmons, «Observer’s Reaction to the «Innocent Victim»: Compassion or Rejection?» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4 (1966): 203–210.

John M, Barry, Th e Ambition and the Power (New York: Viking, 1989): 154.

Joseph W. Harder, Play for Pay: Salary Determination and the Effects of Overand Under-Reward on Individual Performance in Professional Sports (Stanford, CA: Stanford University, unpublished doctoral dissertation, 1989).

Robert A. Caro, Th e Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Random House, 1974), 463.

James G. March and John P. Olsen, Ambiguity and Choice in Organizations (Bergen, Norway: Univcrsitetsforlaget, 1976).

Gardner, On Leadership, 8.

Martha S. Feldman and James G. March, «Information in Organizations as Signal and Symbol», Administrative Science Quarterly 26 (1981): 171–186.

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Michael Lewis, Liar’s Poker: Rising through the Wreckage on Wall Street (New York: Penguin, 1990), 61.

William L. Moore and Jeff rey Pfeff er, «Th e Relationship Between Departmental Power and Faculty Careers on Two Campuses: Th e Case for Structural Eff ects on Faculty Salaries», Research in Higher Education 13 (1980): 291–306.

Jeff rey Pfeff er and Alison Davis-Blake, «Understanding Organizational Wage Structures: A Resource Dependence Approach», Academy of Management Journal 30 (1987): 437–455.

John E. Sheridan et al., «Eff ects of Corporate Sponsorship and Departmental Power on Career Tournaments», Academy of Management Journal 33 (1990): 578–602.

John M, Barry, The Ambition and the Power (New York: Viking, 1989), 29.

Janice Lodahl and Gerald Gordon, «Th e Structure of Scientifi c Fields and the Functioning of University Graduate Departments», American Sociological Review 37 (1972): 57–72.

Janice Lodahl and Gerald Gordon, «Funding the Sciences in University Departments», Educational Record 54 (1973): 74–82.

Jeff rey Pfeff er and William L. Moore, «Power in University Budgeting: A Replication and Extension», Administrative Science Quarterly 25 (1980): 637–653.

Rosabeth M. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1977).

Gerald R. Salancik, Barry M. Staw, and Louis R. Pondy, «Administrative Turnover as a Response to Unmanaged Organizational Interdependence, Academy of Management Journal 23 (1980): 422–437; Jeff rey Pfeff er and William L. Moore, «Average Tenure of Academic Department Heads: Th e Eff ects of Paradigm, Size, and Departmental Demography», Administrative Science Quarterly 25 (1980): 387–406.

Alison M. Konrad and Jeff rey Pfeff er, «Do You Get What You Deserve? Factors Aff ecting the Relationship Between Productivity and Pay», Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (1990): 258–285.

Janice M. Beyer and Th omas M. Lodahl, «A Comparative Study of Patterns of Infl uence in United States and English Universities», Administrative Science Quarterly 21 (1976): 104–129.

Pfeff er and Moore, «Average Tenure of Academic Department Heads»; Salancik, Staw, and Pondy, «Administrative Turnover».

D.J. Hickson et al., «A Strategic Contingencies’ Th eory of Intraorganizational Power», Administrative Science Quarterly 16 (1971): 216–229

Setsuo Miyazawa, «Legal Departments of Japanese Corporations in the United States: A Study on Organizational Adaptation to Multiple Environments», Kobe University Law Review 20 (1986): 97–162.

Ibid., 135.

Ibid., 126.

John Dean, Blind Ambition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976), 30.

Ibid., 38.

Ibid., 40.

Richard M. Emerson, «Power-Dependence Relations», American Sociological Review 27 (1962): 31–41; Peter M. Blau, Exchange and Power in Social Life (New York: John Wiley, 1964).

Michel Crozier, Th e Bureaucratic Phenomenon (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964).

Robert A. Caro, Th e Power Broker; Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Random House, 1974), 464.